Joint Commission Accreditation, Certification, and Licensing Essay Example for Free

sum Commission Accreditation, Certification, and Licensing EssayGiven health playscript completion policies, correctly apply accreditation or licensing standards to determine the organizations compliance. Write a 1-page paper on how you think vocalize? organizations compliance. Commissions standards impact health record completion and organizational compliance. Be sure to discuss advantages/disadvantages of being authoritative by Joint Commission.The Joint Commission on Accreditation of healthcare organizations (JCAHO) is a non-profit and independent accreditation organization that provides accreditation and certification for various healthcare organizations, health plans, health packages and infirmarys in the US. It has been functioning in the US, and is know throughout the world. More than 15, 000 healthcare organizations in the US have been accredited and certified by the Joint Commission. An organization that subscribes to accreditation by the JCAHO would constantly hav e to own an effort to reach certain performance standards.JCAHO gives greater importance to maintaining forbearing safety standards and improving the quality of care (The Joint Commission, 2008). The Joint Commission has accredited several aspects of medical care including ambulatory care, assisted living, behavioral healthcare, critical care, laboratory services, home care, surgeries, old age clinics, staff and employees, disease-management, long-term care, etc (The Joint Commission, 2008). It is really important that the healthcare organization complies with the specifications mentioned by the JCAHO.Firstly, the healthcare organization has to understand the importance of having these specifications in place. It would benefit the organization and also the patients, insurance companies, government and the ordinary public. The litigations against malpractice are significantly fewer when a hospital has accreditation. Flowsheets that record detailed information and observations of the patients vitals and care administered would help in precise documentation. An electronic outline would act as an aid in ensuring that the specifications of the joint Commission are enforced and followed.Studies have demonstrated that the compliance levels of the JCAHO specifications are around 50 % in all healthcare organizations that subscribe to accreditation by this organization. The outcome of any case would certainly be better if the specifications laid down by the JCAHO are followed. Frequently, the Joint Commission would be conducting surveys and suggested measures to be implemented in order to improve the status of the employees and the patients. One way of ensuring that the organization complies with the JCAHO specifications is to have several monitoring devices in place.These include surprise checks, regular visits, inspection of the records, etc. The information transmitted and stored in the hospital database should be accessible to the JCAHO for the purpose of monit oring. Patient surveys are some other method of ensuring compliance by the JCAHO. Another way would be to record the cases of malpractice against the healthcare organization (Massachusetts General infirmary, 2007). There are several requirements a hospital or a healthcare organization has to follow in order to get accredited to the JCAHO.These include ? Following the recommendations launched by the AMH and the BHC ? Following the requirements of the HIPAA ? Having a dust that fulfills the recommendations lay down by the JCAHO regarding flow of information (using software tools such as TIER). ? Some of the important criteria regarding the information management system includes 1. Maintain confidentiality of the patient information 2. The internal and the external needs have to be addressed through comprehensive planning 3.Security of the information accessibility only to the germane(predicate) staff members 4. Data, which can be collected, analyzed and decisions-made. 5. Addres sing the education and training needs Information should be presented to the staff members and the patients in an automated manner 6. Information and clinical records presented to the patients should be comprehensive and specific. The Joint Commission accreditation has several advantages and disadvantages. Advantages The patients would be having greater confidence in the healthcare organization and health plan. In the market, there would be greater competition between the healthcare organizations. The risk management would be more efficient. The business practices and ethics would improve. The human resource management process would be better. Insurance companies and third parties would have better relationships with the healthcare organization. Compliance with the terms and conditions mentioned by the regulatory bodies would be better. Disadvantages Information provided to the JCAHO could be potentially misused. The hospital would be spending huge sums of money for the pu rpose of accreditation and would actually not be involved in improving patient care. Unhealthy competition may be propagated.ReferencesBrink, L. J. (2004). JCAHO Information Management Standards and TIER Retrieved on February 18, 2008, from Hospitals for a Healthy Environment meshwork site http//www. sequest. net/articles/TIER%20and%20JCAHO%20IM%20Standards. pdf Hospitals for a Healthy Environment (2007). communicate to JCAHO Environment of Care Standard 1. 10.1 Retrieved on January 29, 2008, from Hospitals for a Healthy Environment Web site http//www. h2e-online. org/regsandstandards/jcahoEC1. 10. 1. html Masshecutes General Hospital (2007). Massachusetts General Hospital Summary of the Joint Commission Findings. Retrieved on January 29, 2008, from MGH Web site http//www. massgeneral. org/findings_summary. html The Joint Commission (2008). Joint Commission Requirements. Retrieved on January 29, 2008, from The Joint Commission Web site http//www. jointcommission. org/Standards/ Requirements/

An Inch Closer to My Dream Essay Example for Free

An Inch Closer to My Dream EssayMy exposure to my fathers dental practice has effectually inspired me to watch a profession along a similar line. This ideate has become an ultimate priority at this point in my life. It is my dream and I would do anything just to reach that dream, understanding the time, effort, and good work ethic that the dream requires. As a dentist, my father has specialized in enter surgery, and world-classhand, I was able to see how his work transformed the lives of his patients not only changing them physically, but changing more profoundly the way they looked at themselves and the world. I am a Korean, majoring in Art and I went to the United States to playing field Biology instead at California State University, Northridge. I have detect that this degree has fully maximized my potential and it led me to the path where I am most fulfilled. Science is very essential to everyones existence and I cannot control not to ring critically of what is happe ning around us. It was very stimulating for me to solve problems of nature and life that I would wish to extend my study and do a Masters degree within the same field. I am very looking forward of prosecute functional anatomy, physiology, genetics, and embryology.My reason for pursuing oral biology at NYU is not merely because it is to my personal preference or liking. While that is one factor, I have also considered wanting to hand to the betterment of Korean society in my own little way. I feel that through oral biological research, I would be able to select a dent in our social fabric, discovering new things about cures for diseases or mechanisms of seemingly untreatable illnesses. This has been a personal mission because I have had the chance to be exposed to indigent communities who are in dire need of alleviate.Through oral biological research, I may be able to help these communities lighten their poverty within my own sphere of influence. My volunteer work at my fathers clinic has allowed me to foster this desire to help other people truly through the dental arts. Fortunately, I was enhance familiarity with dental procedures, including orthodontic treatment, root canal, prophylaxis, x-rays, among others. The idea alone of being able to make a difference in peoples lives, through oral biology, excites me. It makes me even more eager to pursue my course and be very competent biologist.Apart from wanting to help impoverished communities, I have also taken careful note of the level of scientific progress that Korea has attained. Unofrtunately, it is not as advanced as first world countries such as the United States. Thorugh my own contribution, I would like to see the advancement of science in my home country. I would love pursue my studies in a different university and I chose New York University to broaden my horizons, and gain new perspectives from a different environment and from different set of individuals. I retrieve that I can learn more by b eing exposed to a diverse culture and New York is the right place.Being able to study in New York, and also later work there is a great opportunity for me. Moreover, the Graduate Program in Oral Biology fits absolutely to my needs. Going through NYUs website, I am filled with excitement as I realize that this course shall accord me with a solid backside in the oral biological sciences, which are more specifically targetd at teaching and research. Some areas which I am particularly interested with are periodontic and caries microbiology, chemical carcinogenesis, mechanisms of mineralization, periodontal wound healing, and tumor immunology.I also believe that this school only produces the best, and I want to become the person I would be proud of in the future. This is where I should start my future. I think that exposure to various cultures shall also help me grow significantly as a person and professional. I will be able to learn how to deal with people with different backgournds, upbringing, and cultural heritage. Because I shall have the chance to interact with them frequently, I will be able to understand and respect their culture. This is very important, since stereotypes cause people to make biased decisions, which lead to social inequity.I would love to think that my enrollment in the university will help me become more impartial to race / color. I feel that the thrusts put forth by the university are potently consistent with those that I personally uphold. I have high hopes that I will qualify to form part of this prestigious institution. It will surely be a privilege that I will take profound pride in. And because of such pride, I will work hard to excel academically. The ultimate destruction is for me to become a competent professional to be able to contribute substantially to humanitarian causes.

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment

Effects of Foreign Direct InvestmentThe removal of cross-b place restrictions on foreign enceinte of the United States flows and the trend toward an integrated globe economy has been a substantial progress over recent two decades. Hence, it has increased the growth of exotic organise investing(FDI) activity.Madura and drink (2007) define foreign direct enthronement (FDI) as the investment in real summations (such as land, buildings, or even existing plants) in foreign countries. They besides find that multi bailiwick corpo dimensionns(MNCs) commonly metropolisize on foreign business opportunities by engaging in FDI. They engage in joint ventures with foreign theaters, convey foreign firms, and framing new foreign subsidiaries. These types of FDI can retrovert superior returns when managed properly. A substantial investment is required, and thus can increase the risk at smashing. It whitethorn be difficult for multinational corporation to sell the foreign project wh en the investment does not perform well as expected. In order to maximize the corporations value, it is squ ar for MNCs to understand the potential return and risk of FDI and analyze the potential benefits and comprises before making investment conclusions.2.1.2 Motives for FDIThe reason why firms pose labor oversea rather than exporting from the home country or licensing production in the hose country, and the reason why firms seek to extend unified control oversea by forming multinational corporations have been developed by m both scholars. Kindleberger(1969) and Hymer(1976), emphasize various commercialise imperfections in product, factor, and corking commercializes as the get a line motivating forces to accelerate FDI. Eun and Resnick (2004) explore few key factors that atomic number 18 important for corporations making decisions to invest oversea. These factors intromit trade barriers, imperfect labor foodstuff, intangible assets, unsloped integration, product l ife cycle and shareholder diversification services.Dunning (1993) interpret four various types of motives for foreign direct investment resource seeking, market seeking, efficiency seeking, and strategic asset (or capability )seeking. The first motive means that MNCs acquire some particular resources which may mainly cnsist of primary products at a bring low appeal in the host country than at home. The second motive depends on the expectation of new sales opportunities from the opening of markets where MNCs had no access at before. The third base one refers to utilizing the particular comparative advantages of a host economy. The last one is related with long-term strategic considerations such as gaining an significant stake in the market in the long run.To be more specific, Madura and Fox (2007) indicate that MNCs engage in foreign direct investment widely because it can improve profitability and enhance shareholder wealth. In most studys, MNCs utilize FDI to boost revenues , reduce cost, or some(prenominal). Revenue-related motives include attract new source of demand, enter fat markets, exploit monopolistic advantages, react to trade restrictions and diversify internationally. Cost-related motives involve fully benefit from economies of scale, use foreign factors, use foreign raw materials, use foreign technology and react to throw rate movements.2.1.3 Benefits of FDIIt seems unwise to conclude that both forms of geographic diversification are likely to be equally profitable or unprofitable. Errunza and Senbet (1981, 1984) find evidence to give birth a positive relation between excess firm value and the firms extent of international diversity by utilize multinational firms only. Focusing on international acquisitions, Doukas and Travlos (1988) and Doukas (1995) document that US bidders gain from industrial and international diversification. Similarly, Morck and Yeung (1991, 2001) find a positive relation between international diversification and firm value. However, they show that industrial diversification and international diversification add or destroy value in the presence or absence seizure of intangible assets. Their findings support the view that the synergistic benefits of international diversification stem from the information-based assets of the firm. Christophe and Pfeiffer (1998) and Click and Harrison (2000) find that multinational firms trade at a discount relational to internal firms. More recently Denis, Denis and Yost (2002), using the Berger and Ofek (1995) excess value measure and aggregate data, show that globose diversification reduces shareholder value by 18%, whereas industrial diversification results in 20% shareholder loss. In contrast, Bodnar, Tang and Weintrop (1999), relying on a similar valuation measure, find share-holder value to increase with global diversification.Doukas and Lang (2003) take firms which made foreign new plant announcements during the period 1980 1992 as a sample, regard less of the industrial anatomical structure of the firm, they interpret that unrelated foreign direct investments are associated with negative announcement payoffs and long-term performance decreases in subsequent years, whereas related investments are associated with positive short-term and long-term performance. Although their findings indicate that both specialized and diversified firms benefit from core-business-related rather than non-core-business-related foreign direct investments, the gains are larger for diversified firms. They conclude that geographic expansion of the firms core business itself is undecomposed to shareholder value. In contrast, they find that geographic expansion of the firms peripheral (non-core) business harms firm value and performance. Hence the evidence indicates that the internalization theory is more ordered with the international expansion of the core rather than the non-core business of the firm. That is, the positive synergies from global dive rsification are rooted in the firms core competencies.Theories of foreign direct investment (FDI) agree on at least one study point foreign firms mush have inherent advantages that allow them to overcome the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) be of becoming a multinational (Hymer, 1976) These advantages may be tangible, such as an improved production process or a product innovation. They as well may be intangible, such as brand names, better management structures or the technical knowledge of employees.Girma, Greenaway and Wakelin (2001) conclude that foreign firms do have higher productiveness than domestic firms and they pay higher wages in the UK after their investigation. They do not find aggregate evidence of intra-industry spillovers. However, firms with low productivity relate to the celestial sphere comely, in low-skill low foreign competition sectors gain less from foreign firms.FDI brings two main benefits to the host country. First, it introduces new production facilitie s into the domestic economy directly, or may rescue failing firms in the case of acquisition, raising overall turn upput, employment and exports. Second, domestic governments hope that foreign firms allow be unable to internalise their advantages fully, and topical anesthetic firms can benefit through with(predicate) spillover.2.1.4 Effects of FDIBorensztein, Gregorio and Lee (1998) test the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economical growth in a cross-country turnabout framework by utilizing data on FDI flows from industrial countries to 69 developing countries over the last two decades. The results suggest that FDI is significant for transfer technology, and contri juste more to growth than domestic investment. Moreover, they find that the contribution of FDI to economic growth is improved by its interaction with the level of human capital in the host country. However, the empirical results imply that FDI is more productive than domestic investment only when the host country has a minimum threshold livestock of human capital. Thus, FDI contributes to economic growth only when a sufficient absorptive capability of the advanced technologies is available in the host economy.Investigating the effect of FDI on domestic investment, they find that the inflow of foreign capital crowds in domestic investment rather than crowds out. FDI support the expansion of domestic firms by complementarity in production or by increasing productivity through the spillover of advanced technology. A one-dollar increase in the net inflow of FDI is associated with an increase in total investment in the host economy of more than one dollar, but do not appear to be very robust. Thus, it appears that the main channel through which FDI contributes to economic growth is by stimulating technological progress, rather than by increasing total capital accumulation in the host economy.Markusen and Venables (1999) develops an analytical framework to measure the effects how a n FDI project affect local anesthetic firms in the same industry. There are two forces for the effect of entry of a multinational firm on the domestic industry. One is a competition effect, under which multinationals displace domestic final-goods producers, and the other is a linkage effect back to intermediate-goods producers, creating complementarities which could benefit domestic final-goods producers. They explore the determinants of the relative strengths of these effects. In circumstances of initial equilibrium with no local production, multinational entry can push the economy over to an equilibrium with local production in both the intermediate and final-goods industries, with a resulting welfare improvement.They then pay attention to endogenise the entry decision of multinational firms. It may now withal be the case that multinationals bring home the bacon the initial impetus for industrialisation, but the developed local industry creates sufficiently intense competition t o eventually drive the multinationals out of the market. Hobday (1995) finds initial multinational investments in developing East Asia created backward linkage effects to local suppliers in a large number of situations. There are some examples such as computer keyboards, personal computers, sewing machines, athletic shoes, and bicycles in Taiwan.2.2 Cost of capital and capital structureMany major firms through the world have begun to internationalize their capital structure by raising funds from foreign as well as domestic sources. As a result, these corporations become multinational not only in the scope of their business activities but as well in their capital structure. This trend reflects not only a conscious effort on the part of firms to lower the cost of capital by international sourcing of funds but also the ongoing liberalization and deregulating of international financial markets.If international financial markets were completely integrated, it would not matter whether f irms raised capital from domestic or foreign sources because the cost of capital would be equalized across countries. On the other hand, some markets are less than fully integrated, firms may be able to create value for their shareholders by issuing securities in foreign as well as domestic markets.Cross-listing of a firms shares on foreign stock exchanges is one way a firm operating in a segmented capital market can lessen the negative effects of segmentation and also internationalize the firms capital structure. For example, IBM, Sony, and British Petroleum are simultaneously listed and traded on the New York, London, and Tokyo stock exchanges. By internationalizing its corporate ownership structure, a firm can generally increase its shares price and lower its cost of capital.2.2.1 Definition of cost of capitalEun and Resnick define the cost of capital as the minimum rate of return an investment project must generate in order to pay its financing be. If the return on an investme nt project is equal to the cost of capital, under taking the project will abdicate the firms value unaffected. When a firm identifies and undertakes an investment project that generate a return exceeding its cost of capital, the firms value will increase. It is significant for a value-maximizing firm to try to lower its cost of capital.Madura and Fox (2007) explain that a firms weighted average cost of capital (referred to as Kc ) can be deliberate asKc = D/(D+E ) * Kd * ( 1-t ) + E / (D+E) * KeWhere D = market value of firms debtKd = the before- revenue revenue cost of its debtt = the corporate tax rateE = the firms candor at market valueKe = the cost of financing with equityThe ratios reflect the percentage of capital represented by debt and equity, respectively. In total the cost f capital, Kc is the average cost of all providers of finance to the firms. A multinational company finances its operations by using a mixture of fixed interest get and equity financing that can min imize the overall cost of capital (the weighted average of its interest rate and dividend payment). By minimizing the cost of capital use to finance a given size and risk of operations ,financial managers can maximize the value of the company and therefore maximize shareholder wealth.According to the different size of firm, international diversification, painting to exchange rate risk, access to international capital markets and exposure to country risk, the cost of capital for MNCs may different from that for domestic firms.2.2.2 Costs of capital across countriesMadura and Fox (2007) interpret that the reason why cost of capital is different among countries is relevant for three reasons. First, MNCs based in some countries may have more competitive advantages than others not only for the different technology and resources across countries, but also the cost of capital. MNCs in some countries will have a larger set of feasible projects with positive net present value because of the lower cost of capital, hence these MNCs can increase their world market share more easily. MNCs operating in countries with a higher cost of capital will be forced to decline projects. Second, MNCs may be able to adjust their international operations and sources of funds to capitalize on differences in the cost of capital among countries. Third, the different component as debt and equity in the cost capital can explain why MNCs based in some countries tend to use a more debt-intensive capital structure than others.To guess an overall cost of capital for an MNCs, it needs to combine the costs of debt and equity, and weight the relative proportions of debt and equity. The cost of debt to a firm is primarily determined by the unhazardous interest rate in the currency borrowed and the risk superior required by quoteors. Risk-free interest rate is determined by the interaction of the depict and demand for funds. Factors include tax laws, demographics, monetary policies and economic conditions can influence the supply and demand then affect the riskless rate. The risk premium on debt can vary among countries because of the different economic conditions, relations between corporations and creditors, government intervention, and degree of financial leverage. In addition, a firms cost of equity represents an opportunity cost what shareholders could earn on investments with similar risk if the equity funds were distributed to them. This return on equity can be measured as a risk-free interest rate that could have been earned by shareholders, plus a premium to reflect the risk of the firm. According to the different economic environments, the risk premium and the cost of equity will vary among countries.2.2.3 MNCs capital structure decisionMadura and Fox.(2007) indicate that an MNCs capital structure decision includes the choice of debt versus equity financing deep down all of its subsidiaries, hence the overall capital structure is combined of all subsidiaries c apital structures. The advantages of using debtor equity vary according to the corporate characteristics specific to each MNC and specific to countries where the MNCs establish subsidiaries.They interpret some specific corporate characteristics which can influence MNCs capital structure. MNCs with more stable cash flows can passel with more debt because their cash flows are constant to cover periodic interest payments. In contrast, MNCs with erratic cash flows might prefer less debt. MNCs with lower credit risk have more access to credit, their choice of using debt or equity can be affected by factors which influence credit risk. MNCs with high profit may be able to finance most of investment with retaining gelt and use an equity-intensive capital structure, while others with small level of retained wage may prefer on debt financing. The subsidiaries borrowing capacity may be increase and need less equity financing once the call down backs the debt. situation costs are higher w hen a subsidiary in foreign country can not be monitored easily be investor from parents country.In addition, they also describe the specific country characteristics unique to each host country can influence MNCs choice of debt versus equity financing and thus influence their capital structure. Firstly, some host countries have stock restrictions which means the governments allow investment only in local stocks. This kind of barrier of cross-border investing, potential adverse exchange rate and tax effects can discourage investment outside home countries. MNCs operated in these countries where investor have fewer stock investment opportunities may be able to raise equity at a relatively low cost, and they would prefer using more equity by issuing stocks. Secondly, according to the government-imposed barriers on capital flows along with potential adverse exchange rate, tax and country risk effects, loanable funds do not always flows th where they are necessary most and the price of them can vary across different countries. MNCs may be able to obtain loanable funds at lower cost in some countries and they will prefer the debt financing. Thirdly, regard of the potential weakness of the currencies in subsidiaries host countries, an MNC may attempt to finance by borrowing currencies instead of relying on parent funds. Subsidiaries may remit a smaller amount in earning because they can make interest payments on local debt, and thus reduce the exposure to exchange rate. Conversely, subsidiaries may retain and reinvest more of its earnings when the parent believes a subsidiaries local currency will appreciate against its own currency. The parent may provide an cash infusion to finance growth in the subsidiaries, and thus transfer the internal funds from the parent to subsidiary possibly resulting in more out-of-door financing by the parent and less debt financing by the subsidiary. Fourthly, possibility of a kind of country risk is that the host country will tempora rily block funds to be remitted by subsidiary to the parent. Thus aubsidiraies may prefer to local debt financing. At last, MNCs make interest rate payments on the local debt when they are subject to a withholding tax. Foreign subsidiaries may also use local debt if the host country impose high corporate tax rates on foreign earnings.Bancel and Mittoo (2004) survey on the cross-country comparisons of managerial views on determinants of capital structure in a sample of 16 European countries Austria, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, France, Ger legion(predicate), Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, and the UK. They show that factors related to debt are influenced more, and those related to equity are influenced less, by the countrys institutional structure, especially the quality of its legal system. They find that financial flexibility and earnings per share dilution are primary concerns of managers in issuing debt and common stock, respective ly. Managers also value hedging considerations and use windows of opportunity when raising capital. This evidence strengthens arguments of La opening night et al. (1997, 1998) that the availability of external financing in a country is influenced primarily by its legal environment. Since fashion costs of debt are likely to be higher in countries with lower quality of legal systems, this evidence is also conformable with theories of capital structure such as agency theory that assign a central role to debt contracts and bankruptcy law (Harris and Raviv, 1991).They find that although a countrys legal environment is an important determinant of debt policy, but it plays a minimal role in common stock policy. They find that firms financing policies are influenced by both their institutional environment and their international operations. They also show that firms can adopt strategies to ebb the negative effects of the quality of the legal environment in their home country. For insta nce, firms in civil-law countries have significantly higher concerns for maintaining target debt-to-equity ratios and matching maturity than do their peers in the common-law countries. Further, they find that firms operating internationally have significantly different views than do their peers in several ways. For example, firms that have issued foreign debt or equity in the sample during the last ten years are more concerned closely credit ratings. Firm-specific variables that are commonly used in the capital structure literature to explain leverage also explain cross-country differences in managerial rankings of several factors. For example, large firms are less concerned about bankruptcy costs, and high growth firms consider common stock as the cheapest source of funds and use windows of opportunity to issue common stock. These results support the arguement by Rajan and Zingales (1995, 2003), that firms capital structures are the result of a complex interaction of several insti tutional features as well as firm characteristics in the home country.Their results support that most firms determine their best capital structure by trading off factors such as tax advantage of debt, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and availableness to external financing. They confirm the conclusions of Titman (2002) Corporate treasurers do occasionally think about the kind of trade-offs between tax savings and financial distress costs that we larn in our corporate finance classes. However, since this trade-off does not change much over time, the balancing of the costs and benefits of debt financing that they emphasize much is not MNCs major concern. They spend much more time thinking about changes in market conditions and the implications of these changes on how firms should be financed.Lee and Kwok (1988) examine the impact of international environmental factors on some firm-related capital structure determinants which in turn affect the MNCs overall capital structure. They con sider international environmental variables of governmental risk, international market imperfections, complexity of operations, opportunities for international diversification, foreign exchange risk and local factors of host countries, and test agency costs and bankruptcy costs. They find that MNCs tend to have higher agency costs of debt according to Myers definition than DCs. This finding remained unchanged even when size and industry effects were controlled. Though MNCs appeared to have lower bankruptcy costs than DCs, the difference largely disappeared when the size effect was controlled. Quite contrary to the conventional wisdom, the empirical findings showed that MNCs tended to be less leveraged than DCs. This finding remained even when the size effect was controlled. However, when companies were illogical under different industry groups, the results varied significantly.Burgman (1996) directly estimate the effect of foreign exchange risk and political risk on the capital st ructure of MNCs. Using the foreign tax ratio to classify firms as either MNCs or DCs and controlling for industry and size effects, Burgman finds that MNCs have lower debt ratios and higher agency costs than DCs. Furthermore, international diversification does not appear to lower earnings volatility. To estimate the sensitivity of a firm to foreign exchange risk, Burgman conducts a regression analysis of the stock returns of each sample firm on the returns of an index of U.S. stocks and on the U.S.$SDR returns. His political risk measure is based on the following ratio number of low political risk countries to the total number of countries in which the firm operates. Low political risk countries are the top 20 in the country risk rankings provided by Euromoney in 1989. The results of a regression analysis for his sample of MNCs suggest that the debt ratios of these companies are positively related to both risks. Burgman concludes that this evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that MNCs use debt policy as a legal document to hedge foreign exchange risk and political risk.Chen et al. (1997) conducted regression analyses to investigate the effect of international activities (as measured by foreign pre-tax income) on capital structure. They report that even after controlling for firm size, agency costs of debt, bankruptcy costs and profitability, the long-term debt ratios of MNCs are lower than those of DCs. However, within their sample of MNCs, debt ratios increase with the level of international activities.2.2.4 Segmented capital marketA capital market for asset claims is integrated when the opportunity set of investments available to each and every investor is the universe of all possible asset claims. In contrast, a capital market is segmented when certain groups of investors limit their investments to a subset of the universe of all possible asset claims. Such market segmentation can occur because of ignorance about the universe of possible asset clai ms, or because of transactions costs (brokerage costs, taxes, or information acquisition costs), or because of legal impediments. From an international perspective, market segmentation typically occurs along national borders, a condition wherein investors in each country acquire only domestic asset claims.Grubel, Levy and Sarnat, and Lessard employ a mean-variance portfolio theoretic framework, have accentuate the benefits of diversifying investments across national borders, namely the pooling of risks that results from investing in projects that are less than perfectly correlated. Subrahmanyam points out that when segmented capital markets are integrated, in addition to the diversification effect (always positive), there is a wealth effect (possibly negative) which arises out of changes in the macro-parameters of the risk-return relationship. For the special cases of quadratic, exponential, and logarithmic utility functions, it can be shown that international capital market integr ation is Pareto-optimal, that is, the welfare of individuals in the integrated economies will not decline, and will generally improve. The positive effect of an expansion in the opportunity set offsets any negative wealth effect.The market reformed and liberalized in developed economies in the 1970s and emerging economies during the second half of the 1980s led to the removal of many barriers. The deregulation and the development of local equity markets allowed the possibility of foreign portfolio investments (FPIs). overall, FPIs would provide a new source of capital and internationalize the domestic capital markets. incidental improvements in risk sharing and risk matching would cause the cost of capital to fall. Errunza and Miller (2000 ) use a sample of 126 firms from 32 countries, document a significant decline of 42% in the cost of capital. In addition, they show the decline is driven by the ability of U.S. investors to span the foreign security antecedent to cross-listing. The findings support the hypothesis that financial market liberalizations have significant economic benefits.2.2.5 Interaction between subsidiary and parent financing decisionsIn segmented markets the parent and its subsidiaries will generally have different valuation objectives and investment-acceptance criteria. Under some conditions these depend on the international financing mix. Decentralization can be optimal in the sense of global maximization, provided that the parent is unrealistically free, ex-ante, to optimize its percentage ownership in the subsidiaries at the beginning of each planning period. In the case of a two-country firm, the subsidiaries maximands are independent of the parents. But when the parents ownership position is predetermined at a fixed level, as it is normally, the situation is radically different. Market value cannot then be maximized independently and Pareto optimization is required. Michaels (1974) main result is that, unless agreement can be reache d on a compensation principle, the joint ventures cost of capital will be indeterminate. In such circumstances optimal financial planning for the MNC as a whole may be impossible. Concluding remarks good deal attention to the attendant possibility that the MNC in this case may be unstable and/or inefficient.2.2.6 The MNCs capital structure decisionAn MNCs capital structure decision involves the choice of debt versus equity financing within all of its subsidiaries. Thus, its overall capital structure is essentially a combination of all of its subsidiaries capital structures. MNCs recognize the tradeoff between using debt and using equity for financing their operations. The advantages of using debt as opposed to equity vary with corporate characteristics specific to each MNC and specific to the countries where the MNC has conventional subsidiaries.Madera and Fox (2007) indicate some common firm-specific characteristics that affect the Macs capital structure such as stability of Macs cash flows, Macs credit risk, Macs access to retained earnings, Macs guarantees on debt and Macs agency problems. They also point the unique host country characteristics can influence the MNCs choice of debt versus equity financing and therefore influence the MNCs capital structure. These characteristics include stock restrictions in host countries, interest rates in hose countries, strength of host country currencies, country risk in host countries and tax laws in host countries.2.3 Risk analysis2.3.1 Country risksWith operations under the jurisdiction of a foreign government the firm is also exposed to political risk, therefore it must estimate the potential costs it will expression due to unstable governments, regime change and changes in policies. Political risk may be defined as a particular exposure to risk which depends on the actions of a government, and its assessment or analysis for a MNC is a decision-making tool for investing in foreign countries.An MNC must assess coun try risk not only in countries where it currently does business but also in those where it expects to export or establish subsidiaries. Many country risk characteristics related to the political environment can influence an MNC. Madura and Fox (2007) indicate that an extreme form of political risk is the possibility that the host country will take over a subsidiary. In some cases of expropriation, some compensation is awarded, and the amount is refractory by the hose country government. In other cases, the assets are confiscated and no compensation is provided. Expropriation can take place peacefully or by force. They also explore other common forms of country related risks include attitude of consumers in the host country, actions of host government, blockage of fund transfers, currency inconvertibility, war, bureaucracy and corruption.Over recent decades, there has been a significant increase in political risk for MNCs. This is true not only for an MNCs operations in developing c ountries, but also for those in developed countries. Governments have felt the need to respond to various pressure groups aimed at curbing the power of MNCs. For example, oil companies may face unfavourable legislation designed to pay for the damage to environment. Developing countries may have to respond to populist sentiments or worsening economic circumstances by seeking to renege on contracts signed by previous regimes. Another risk area which has grown in recent years has been the strength of fundamentalistic religious groups in a number of eco

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity | Experiment

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity ExperimentA) ANIMALSSwiss albino mice (20-25 g) of either sex were employ for study of in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were unploughed under quantity examing ground conditions i.e. temprature is 24 2C and relative humidity is 60-70%. The study protocol was approved by the institutional animal moral philosophy committee (IAEC) before experiment (Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA). Albino-Swiss mice were taken from Laboratory Animal House, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) and used for the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.) The animals were kept in polypropylene cages and retained on balanced ration with free access to clean drinking irrigate system. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guide for Care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the Local animal care and use committee. All of the animals were left for 2 sidereal days in the laboratory for acclimatization before the day of experiment and on the last day they were given water only. Minimum of 6 animals were used in each group.Wistar rats of either sex weighing (150-200 g) were used for studying in-vivo anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used for in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were maintained under prototype laboratory conditions (24 2C relative humidity 60-70%). Study protocol was approved by the institutional Animal Ethics Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (IAEC, Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA) before experiment. Wiatar Rats and Albino-Swiss mice from Laboratory Animal House Section, Department of Pharmacology, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) were used in the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.). Minimum of 6 animals were used in each group.B) ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIESThe ac ute oral toxicity studies were performed to study the acute toxic effects and to determine minimum deadly dose of the synthesizingd compounds. Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used for the study. The aqueous solution of compounds were administered orally to different groups of over night fasted mice at the doses of 30, 100, 300, jet and 3000 mg/kg body weight. After administration of the compounds, animals were observed continuously for the first three hours for any toxic manifestation. There afterward, observations were made at regular intervals for 24 hrs. Further the animals were under investigation up to a period of one week. The dose calculated for the synthesized compounds are as following-I) ANALGESIC activityA) Method 1 Hot musical scale method Heat is used as a source of pain. Animals were individually placed on the hot plate maintain at constant temperature (55C) and the reaction of animals, such as paw licking or jump response was taken as the end response. Analgesic drugs/compounds increases the reaction time. The method was first described by Eddy Leimbach (A cut off period of 15 sec is observed to avoid damage to the paw). The compounds were fade away in the Carboxy methyl radical Cellulose (0.5% suspension). Control, commonplace and test compounds were given per orally to the animals and the reaction of time of animals at 15, 30, 60 120 min interval was noted on the hot plate after drug administration. The method of Eddy and Leimbach using techno heated plat analgesic apparatus was used. The standard drug Diclofenac Sodium (50 mg/kg) was used author drug for comparison. The chair was tabulated in Table. Results were expressed as means S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukeys Multiple Comparison Test where p B) Method 2 Acetic Acid Induced Writhing MethodAnalgesic activity was determined by calculating total numeral of writhings, following intraperiton eal (I.P) administration of 0.6% (0.1 ml/10g) acetic acid in mice .7 Albino mice of either sex (25-30 g) were used. Synthesized compounds (QAA-04H-04S) were administered intraperitonealy (0.5 ml) as a suspension in unimpregnated 0.9% DMSO solution as vehicle. Diclofenac (10mg/kg) was used as the standard drug under same conditions. Acetic acid solution was administered intraperitonealy 30 min after administration of the compounds. 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid solution, the number of writhings per animal was recorded for 20 min. Control animals received an equal muckle of vehicle. Results of percentage Analgesic activity of compounds were calculated using following formula and the results are shown in table.% Analgesic activity = No. of writhings for go out No. of writhings for test compound *100No. of writhings for controlII) ANTI-PYRETIC ACTIVITY STUDIESAlbino rats of Wistar strain of either sex weighing in the midst of 170-190g were used. For inductio n of fever in rats, 20% w/v of brewers yeast in distilled water was administered by subcutaneous injection. All animals were induced pyrexia by injection of 10 ml/kg of brewers yeast solution under the skin in between the shoulder blades. The site of the injection was massaged in order to lot the suspension beneath the skin. Basal rectal temperature was measured before the injection of yeast, by inserting digital clinical thermometer to a depth of 2 cm into the rectum. The line up in rectal temperature was recorded 19 hours after yeast injection.The different groups of febrile rats were orally administered with the respective drugs and rectal temperature was recorded 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300 transactions post treatment. Decrease in rectal temperature post treatment indicated antipyretic effect. The difference in body temperature was recorded.III) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITYThe anti-inflammatory activity of compounds on carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema was determined according t o the method described by Winter et al. (1962). The experimental animals were divided into ten groups, each containing five animals. counterbalance group received sterile normal saline (0.85% NaCl) assigned as control and the second group received standard drug Ibuprofen (20 mg/kg b.w., p.o.). The 3rd to 10th groups were administered the test compounds (at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w, suspended in 10 ml/kg of 2% gum acacia) orally. After 30 min of administration of test compounds, 0.1 ml of 1% (w/v) carrageenin was injected subcutaneously in the subplantar region of the left hind paw. The beneficial paw served as a mention to non inflammed paw for comparison. The initial paw volume was measured within 30 sec of the carrageenin injection by plethysmometer. The relative increase in paw volume was measured in control, standard and test compounds at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after the carrageenin injection. The difference between initial and final readings was taken as the volume of oed ema and the percentage proscription by the compounds was calculated using the formula (Kouadio et al., 2000)% curtailment = 1- 100where dt is the difference in paw volume in the test compound-treated group and dc the difference in paw volume in the control group.IV) ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYAntimicrobial chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of many infectious diseases. However repeated and irrational use of some antibiotics result in resistance i.e., ineffectiveness of drug against the microorganisms. In the recent past, the emergence of drug resistance to antibiotics is more. This situation stimulated us to prepare new serial of antimicrobials.The principle use of antibiotics is to help the body fight bacteriuml and/or fungous infections. The course of an infection is often linked to a race between the pathogens ability to grow in the host tissue and the tissues ability to capture and destroy the invading pathogen. Antibiotics are given to develop or kill some of the invading Pathogens hopefully, the bodys tissue can then destroy the rest.The effectiveness of an antibiotic is preliminarily determined by the size of the zone of inhibition, but zone size varies according to how easily the antibiotic diffuses through the agar, the type of medium used and many other factors. If a sporty zone appears in which there is No microbial growth around the disk, it is called as the zone of inhibition, even though killing may have occurred in this zone.(A) Antibacterial ActivityIn our current study, antibacterial activity was carried out by the agar diffusion method. Here the responses of the organisms to the synthesized compounds were measured and compared with the responses of the standard drugs. The standard reference drugs used in the antibacterial screening were Norfloxacin and Gatifloxacin. For antibacterial activity 2 gram positive bacteria i.e. Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus and two gram negative bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli Shigella speci es were taken. Petridishes, cork borer, beakers, glass syringes and test tubes were sterilized by dry heat sterilization at 160C for 1hr in hot air oven.All the synthesized compounds were dissolved in DMF to make the dumbnesss of 40g/ml.Preparation of nutrient agar mediaPreparation of the bacteriological media involves the following steps-All ingredients were dissolved in distilled water by boiling.The pH of the medium was determined with a pH meter and adjusted if necessary.The medium so prepared was sterilized by autoclaving at a temperature of 121C for 15mins.Preparation of agar platesThe sterilized nutrient media was cooled to 45-46C and inoculated with respective suspension of micro-organisms. They were mixed well and 200ml each of inoculated media were transferred into separate petridishes. They were allowed to cool at means temp. Until the agar medium completely solidified. Bores were made using cork borer and 0.1ml solution of test drug and control solutions were separatel y added to each bores. The sterile discs of standard reference drugs were placed on the surface. The petridishes were kept for 2hrs to allow the drug to diffuse into the agar media. A sterile atmosphere was maintained during the entire work on by carrying out the work under Laminar Air Flow bench. All the plates were incubated for 24hrs at 37C. At the end of incubation period, diameters of the zone of inhibition were measured and recorded.(B) Antifungal ActivityThe antifungal activity was carried out by agar diffusion method. The responses of the fungal microorganisms to the synthesized compounds were recorded and compared with the standard reference drugs. Two fungal strains namely Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were taken for the study. Petridishes, cork borer, beakers, glass syringes and test tubes were sterilized by dry heat sterilization at 160C for 1hr in hot air oven. Each sample compound was dissolved in DMF to make the concentrations of 40g/ml. Clotrimazole and A mphotericin B were used as standard dugs.Media for fungiSabouraud Dextrose Agar 65g procured from Himedia, MumbaiDistilled water 1000mlPreparation of agar mediaThe preparation of the media involves the following steps-Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was dissolved in 1000ml of sterile distilled water by boiling.The pH of the medium was determined with a pH meter and adjusted to if necessary.The medium so prepared was sterilized by autoclaving at a temp. of 121C for 15mins.The sterilized nutrient media was cooled to 45-46C and inoculated with respective suspension of fungal organisms. They were mixed well and 200ml each of inoculated media were transferred into separate petridishes. They were allowed to cool at room temp. Until the agar medium completely solidified. Bores were made using cork borer and 0.1ml solution of test drug and control solutions were separately added to each bores. The sterile discs of standard reference drugs were placed on the surface. The petridishes were kept for 2hrs to allow the drug to diffuse into the agar media. A sterile atmosphere was maintained during the entire process by carrying out the work under Laminar Air Flow bench. Then the plates were incubated at 25C for 48hrs. The zone of inhibition was measured and recorded.V) IN-VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITYMethod followed In vitro inhibition of white denaturationDenaturation of proteins is one of the causes of inflammation. Production of auto- antigens in certain rheumatic diseases may be due to in vivo denaturation of proteins. A number of anti-inflammatory drugs are known to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Mizushima and other have employed protein denaturation as in vitro screening model for anti-inflammatory compounds.MaterialsBovine serum albumin (sigma)Buffer tablets (7.4 pH)DMFIbuprofen (standard)Distilled water (q.s.)METHODThe test compounds were dissolved in minimum amount of dimethyl formamide (DMF) and diluted with phosphate airplane pilot (0.2M, pH 7.4). The final concentration of DMF in all solutions was less than 2.5%. Test solution (1ml) containing different concentration of drug was mixed with 1ml of 1mg/ml albumin solution in phosphate buffer and incubated at 271C for 15 min. Denaturation was induced by keeping the reaction mixture at 601C in water bath for 10 min. after cooling, the turbidity was measured at 660nm in spectrophotometer. The percentage inhibition of denaturation was calculated from control where no drug was added. And compared against standard (Ibuprofen).

Project management principles

Project counselling principlesIntroduction of consider focusingProject management is a aforethought(ip) and structured effort to achieve an objective or is the process of managing, allocating, and timing available resources to achieve the desired goal of a view in an streamlined and expedient manner, for example, creating a new system or constructing a labor movement. Project management is widely recognized as a practical way of ensuring that finds catch objectives and point of intersections ar delivered on time, within budget and to correct quality specification, while at the same time coverling or maintaining the scope of the pop out at the correct level.Project management includes development a project plan, which includes defining and confirming the project goals and objectives, identifying tasks and how goals will be achieved, quantifying the resources needed, and determining budgets and timelines for completion. It also includes managing the implementation of the project plan, along with operating regular controls to ensure that there is accurate and objective information on performance relative to the plan, and the mechanisms to implement recovery actions where necessary. Projects usually watch major phases or stages (with various titles for these), including feasibility, definition, project planning, implementation, evaluation and support/maintenanceHistoryProject management has been practiced since the early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were largely managed by creative architects and engineers by their selves, among those for example Christopher Wren (1632-1723) , Thomas Telford (1757-1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) It has been since the 1950s, that organizations started applying systemic project management tools and techniques to complex projects.Henry Gantt (1861-1919), the father of planning and control techniques. As a discipline, Project Management developed from diverse fields of application in cluding construction, engineering and defense. In the United States, the two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famously acknowledged for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions, which form the basis for the body of knowledge related with project and program management. Both Gantt and Fayol were kn sustain as being students of Frederick Winslow Taylors theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to ripe project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation. tenets of project management The supremacy PrincipleThe main goal of project management is to fabricate a successful product. Without making a successful product there is no good point in incurring the project Management bash cost. opposing to conventional wisdom, there pretend been galore(postnominal) Projects that have been On time and within budget but the product has not been successful, and similarly many that have not been On time and within budget yet the product has been very successful.The Commitment PrincipleA mutually acceptable boldness between a project sponsor and a project squad must exist before a viable project exists. A project sponsor is a knowledgeable person in place of the eventual owner of the product of the project and who is responsible for providing the necessary resources (m adepty, goods, services, and general direction, as appropriate.) A project team is a knowledgeable and qualified group capable and willing to undertake the work of the project. A mutually acceptable assurance is one in which there is agreement on the goals and objectives of the project in terms of the products scope, quality grade, time to completion and final cost.The Tetrad-Tradeoff PrincipleThe core variables of the project management process, namely product scope, quality grade, time-to-pro duce and cost-to-complete must all be mutually consistent. The core variables of scope, quality, time and cost are interrelated rather similar to a four-cornered frame with flexible joints. One corner discount be anchored and another moved, but not without affecting the other two. The Primary Communication Channel (or Unity-of-Command) PrincipleA single channel of communication must exist between the project sponsor and the project team leader for all decisions affecting the proceeds of the project. This principle is essential for the effective and efficient administration of the project Commitment. The owner of the eventual product, if represented by more than one Person, must nevertheless call with one voice. Similarly, at any given time, the projects team must have a single point of responsibility, a project manager, for the work of the project. Such person must have the expertnesss, experience, dedication, commitment, authority and tenacity to lead the project to success.The Cultural Environment (or Suitability) PrincipleAn informed management must provide a face-saving cultural environment to enable the Project team to produce its best work. An informed management is one which understands the project management process.A supportive cultural environment is one in which the project is clearly backed by management, and plan team members are enabled to produce their best work without unnecessary bureaucratic hindrance. This rule includes the need for management to ensure that the leadership profile and management style are suited to both the type of project and its phase in the project life-cycle.The Process PrincipleEffective and efficient policies and procedures must be in place for the conduct of the project commitment. Such policies and procedures must cover, at a minimum, clear roles and responsibilities, delegation of authority, and processes for managing the scope of work, including changes, maintenance of quality, and schedule and cost control.T he Life-Cycle PrinciplePlan first, then do. A successful project management process relies on two activities planning first, and then doing. These two sequential activities form the basis of every project life-cycle, and can be expanded to suit the control requirements of every type of project in every area of project management application. The project life-cycle, characterized by a series of milestones determines when the project starts, the control gates through which it must pass, and when the project is finished. Appraise the viability of projects and develop success/failure criteriaIntroductionThere are a few factors to consider before any true projects begin. The project developers must contain steps or project phases, most importantly, the original concept must be determined, and so as feasibility study, business concern plan, risk assessment, public enquiry, permission, organization, planning, design, procurement, fulfillment, test, handover, economic life. Project mana gers has the task of monitoring projects to be guided into a success, unfortunately, there are some projects that were not completed on time, over budget or being canceled in the process of building it. In general, there are common reasons that are usually found for project failures, these are a few reasons lack of user involvement, incorrect planning or lack of planning, incomplete requirements, lack of resources, incorrect estimations. According to the 1994 Standish CHAOS contention there are top 10 factors found in successful projects. These factors are listed in Table belowProject success factorsProject Success Factors % of Responses User Involvement 15.9% Executive Management Support 13.9% Clear Statement of Requirements 13.0% Proper Planning 9.6% Realistic Expectations 8.2% Smaller Project Milestones 7.7% Competent Staff 7.2% monomania 5.3% Clear Vision and Objectives 2.9% Hard-Working, Focused Staff 2.4%Some factors that contributed to project will be discussed below User I nvolvement One of the key to success in a project is user involvement, without the users involvement, it may suffer of failure to the entire project. Even if the project was delivered on time, and on budget, a project has a heights rate of failing if the project does not meet users needs.-Executive Management Support This influences the process and be on of a Project and lack of executive input can put a project at a severe disadvantage.-Clear Statement of Requirements -Proper Planning Proper planning is one of the most important parts of developing a project, having improper planning of the project may cause a severe disadvantage to the project and result to a failure.-Realistic Expectations Expectations of the project development issuance must be rational. If expectations in developing a project are not accurate, it may cause to a failure in building the project itself.-Smaller Project Milestones One of the things to be needed for a complete success of a project is completing smaller project millstones, the small details of a project should not be disregarded for it may result to a minor failure. If these smaller milestones are not being achieved, it may cause a major problem in the completion of the project.-Competent Staff Staff members play the biggest role in a project development, without the proper knowledge or skill of a provide member may cause a poor outcome to a development of a project. Staff members should be proper practised and have the proper experience before getting involved with the task that they will be handling during the project development.-Ownership -Clear Vision and Objectives -Hard functional Every staff of person that is involved in a project development must be passionate and responsible in achieving objectives. Uncommitted staff members may cause a improper outcome in the building processFirst of all Figure out what business you are in, and then mind your own business. Figure out what business you are in. Make sure your bu siness is viable. Select projects that are good for your business. Understand the business value in your project and watch for changes. Be diligent in your chosen business, learning and applying best practices. Define what is inside and outside your area of responsibility. 50% of project management is exactly paying attention.Understand the customers requirements and put them under fluctuation control. Thoroughly understand and document the customers requirements, obtain customer agreement in writing, and put requirements documents under version identification and change control. Requirements management is the leading success factor for systems development projects.Prepare a reasonable plan. Prepare a plan that defines the scope, schedule, cost, and approach for a reasonable project. Involve task owners in developing plans and estimates, to ensure feasibility and buy-in. If your plan is just barely possible at the outset, you do not have a reasonable plan. Use a work breakdown str ucture to provide coherence and completeness to minimize unplanned work.Build a good team with clear ownership. Get good people and trust them. Establish clear ownership of well-defined tasks ensure they have tools and training needed and provide punctual feedback. Track against a staffing plan. Emphasize open communications. Create an environment in which team dynamics can gel. Move misfits out.Lead the team.Track project stance and give it wide visibility. Track progress and conduct frequent reviews. Provide wide visibility and communications of team progress, assumptions, and issues. Conduct methodical reviews of management and expert topics to help manage customer expectations, improve quality, and identify problems before they get out of hand. Trust your indicators. This is part of paying attention.Use Baseline Controls. Establish baselines for the product using configuration management and for the project using cost and schedule baseline tracking. Manage changes deliberatel y. Use measurements to baseline problem areas and then track progress quantitatively towards solutions.Write Important Stuff Down, Share it, and Save it. If it hasnt been written down, it didnt happen. Document requirements, plans, procedures, and evolving designs. Documenting thoughts allows them to evolve and improve. Without documentation it is impossible to have baseline controls, reliable communications, or a repeatable process. Record all important agreements and decisions, along with supporting rationale, as they may resurface later.If it hasnt been tested, it doesnt work. If this isnt absolutely true, it is certainly a good working assumption for project work. Develop test cases early to help with understanding and verification of the requirements. Use early testing to verify critical items and reduce technological risks. Testing is a profession take it seriously. Ensure Customer Satisfaction. Keep the customers real needs and requirements continuously in view. Undetected c hanges in customer requirements or not focusing the project on the customers business needs are sure paths to project failure. Plan early for adequate customer support products.Be relentlessly pro-active. Take initiative and be relentlessly proactive in applying these principles and identifying and solving problems as they arise. Project problems usually get worse over time. sporadically address project risks and confront them openly. Attack problems, and leave no stone unturned. Fight any tendency to freeze into day-to-day tasks, like a cervid caught in the headlights.http//www.hyperthot.com/pm_princ.htm http//www.thelazyprojectmanager.com/

How Poets Describe the Ending of Childhood Innocence :: Childhood Poetry Poems Essays

How Poets Describe the Ending of Childhood InnocenceFirstly Seamus Heaney is a poet I have studied. He was from a ruralcatholic compass in Castledawson, County Derry, however he did livein a mainly protestant area. He addresses issues such(prenominal) as childhood,familial relationships, particularly his relationship with his pay offand also the identity crisis of becoming a poet. For example in hispoem, Death of a Naturalist he draws largely on his experience andthe experience of his company in an attempt to represent thetroubles in a new and analytical manner. In contrast to this, another poet I focused on, hum Ann Duffy, grewup in an urban environment. She was born in Glasgow, Scotland in1955, however grew up in Staffordshire, England and attendeduniversity in Liverpool before moving to London. She also addressesissues involving childhood memories in such poems as Litany and In MrsTilschers class.Another poet studied was Ronald Stuart Thomas. He was born in Cardiffbut moved fr om place to place after his father got a job in the Navy. He finally settled in Holyhead in 1918. He began to seriously learnthe Welsh language, as he wanted a sense of Welsh identity. It showedimportance of being Welsh. Many years later R. S. Thomas wasalienated from much of Welsh country life by his office as a priest inthe Church of Wales. He felt the exclusion keenly, saying once thatan anglicised upbringing like his prevents one from ever tincture onehundred percent at home in Welsh Wales. He is similar to Heaney dueto his rural and religious backgrounds and is also a nationalist. every three of these poets frequently write about a personal experiencethey had when growing up and how it affected them, or about theexperience of the child or children and how they think it affectedthem. Seamus Heaney wrote Mid-term break, which describes a personalexperience for him when his brother died in a car accident when he wasyoung. He is recalling a childhood memory. Carol Ann Duffy alsor ecalls a childhood memory in her poem Litany. She remembered the daywhen she thought her mother and her mothers friends were excludingher. Also R. S. Thomas wrote the poem Childrens song, which speaksabout how children live in a world of their own in which no adult cannever be a part of. When composition about childhood the poems areretrospective and look into the past, which concern memories of thechild.Some poems by these three poets present a childs perspective of theworld, magic spell others show how an adult views their past.

Was Henry Vs Victory a Miracle? Essay -- Henry IV Henry V Essays

We few, we happy few, we band of brothers. For he today that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother be he neer so vile, This day shall gentle his condition. And gentlemen in England now abed Shall think themselves accursed they were not here, And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks That fought with us upon saint Crispins day."   These words, spoken by Henry V in Shakespeares play of the same name, reflected the pride the English took in the memory of a glorious success and, by connecting the Battle of Agincourt with a holy day, helped reinforce the popular belief that Providence played a role in Englands fortunes during that historic battle. The ensuing bloody and topsy-turvy clash seemed proof enough of divine intervention, because Henrys troops rose up to defeat a French army almost four times as large. This rousing truimph during the Hundred Years War ranks alongside the rout of the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain as one of Englan ds "Finest Hours," but it was not quite the miraculous feature that Shakespeare and his contemporaries related. Henrys army posed a much more formidable threat to the French than simple numbers suggest. Given the circumstances, a British victory was nearly inevitable. The Hundred Years War, fought intermittently from 1337 to 1453, erupted over the Plantagenet kings rather weak admit to the French throne, which they based on Edward IIs marriage to Isabella, daughter of Frances King Philip IV. Although that claim had grown rather stale by the time Henry V rose to power, he pressed it through force of arms. In a serial of brilliant military campaigns, he conquered much of France, and married Cath... ...he Battle of Agincourt was King Henrys decision to execute his French prisoners during the fighting. At the time, such blatantly brutal dedicate was unheard of. Henry has borne the harsh judgment of history for his actions. In the heat of battle, Henry noticed that one s egment of his army had been caught off-guard and was in serious danger. The scarce soldiers available to reinforce his line were those guarding prisoners. To reassign them meant risking the prisoners escape, or worse, having them turn on their captors. Henry chose the more ruthless but less risky course and ordered the prisoners to be executed. It was a decision borne of necessity during battle, rather than personal malice, but one which nevertheless inflamed the French to greater resistance and set the stop for further rounds of slaughter in the seemingly endless Anglo-French wars.