Benefits that are important to employees: A review of employee benefit programs Essay

When employees look for employment compensation is important. However, employee benefits programs can be the deciding factor when it comes down to decision making; accept or decline a job offer. Having a â€Å"good benefits package† is the most desired attributes in an employer and it attracts human talent (Conlin, 2008). Even the decision to stay with at an organization or to leave, the topic of employee benefits resurface. Human Resource Managers are tasked with the responsibility of administering the company’s benefit program. This includes keeping track of the benefits, giving the basic overview, managing enrollment period just to name a few which can be time consuming not to mention costly. Employers provide benefits to attract the best talent, to retain or incentivize employees for high performance, and because some benefits are required by the law (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). But employee benefits makes up a large part of administration cost in terms of payroll thu s creating an expense and major concern to the employer (SHRM, 2011). Employees want great benefits because of the security it provides by lowering their out of pocket expenses and preparing them for the unknown yet immediate future. A common theme, on both side of the spectrum for employer and employee is â€Å"expense† or â€Å"cost† and for that reason this research paper will evaluate what benefits are important to employees and what are employers doing about it; a review of employee benefit programs. Employee Benefits Program Available and HR There are many benefit programs available to the employee from the basics like healthcare, to benefits in form of employee service like prepaid law. However, a good and competitive benefit program aligns strategically with the goals and objective of the organization which may differ depending on  company. Additionally, the benefit program needs to cover the desires of the employee while meeting the demands of the law. Last, the benefit program must be managed properly to work and be cost effective. Human Resource intranet system (HRIS) allows the organizations to save money on administrative cost, empower the employee through self-service, relieves managers of time-consuming administrative work, and it’s an effective communication tools (Kumar &Pandya, 2012). Technology advances and globalization has made HRIS somewhat a standard in many but not all organizations. The word benefit has several meanings which many applies in terms of employee benefit program. Merriam-Webster defines benefits as an advantage; promoting well-being, it’s a financial help when sick, old or unemployment and as in health insurance as service or a right the employers provide in addition to wages or salary (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Organizations strategic plan for employee benefits considering today’s dynamic in the workforce, again may vary by industry. But some objectives that may be popular are improving employee work satisfaction, draw and influence employees, retain top-performing employees and maintain competitive edge (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). Benefit program offered by the employer should be decided by the employees needs while considering the organization’s objectives of meeting their goals thus fostering flexibility. Minimum Employee Benefits mandated by Law A required benefit implies that certain services must be done by law. There are two categories; mandated employer benefits and employer offered option compensation. Employee benefits that are required by law are social security, unemployment, workers’ compensation, and disability insurance (SBA.gov, 2012). These four benefits are forms of insurance therefore the employer can get group coverage for them at a premium. Social Security Insurance (SSI) permits the covered individual to have income security in event of loss earning such as retirement or disability (Socialsecurity.gov). Many of the millennials fear that by the time they retire there will be no social security; this adds to the importance of employees having good benefits (Conlin, 2008). If an employee is laid off, and paid into social security then the employee is eligible for up to 26 of unemployment benefits. Worker’s compensation is usually state mandated and can be private  or funding through the state i n case an employee is injured on the job (www.dol.gov, 2012). Disability insurance is only required in 5 states and Puerto Rico. Consolidated omnibus budget reconciliation act (COBRA), family and medical leave act (FMLA), and older workers benefit protection act (OWBPA) are acts in place by law under employee benefit. They are employer offered option compensation (www.dol.gov, 2012). Benefits Important to Employees and Cost Many of the benefits that are important to employees are optional such as healthcare, paid time off, retirement programs. Continuous rising cost of healthcare makes it the most important employee benefit to both employer and employee (Smerd, 2007). Annually, employers are spending $300 annually on health insurance for employees and their families with the numbers expected increase (Weatherly, 2004). Over the years health care cost increase due change in the law, Medicare, baby boomers causing a greater need for health, technological advances, elevated cost of malpractice insurance, prescription cost and misuse of health care services; just to name a few (Andrews,2004). The constant increase in cost and changes within healthcare legislation makes cost containment a priority in the HR department and the organization (SHRM, 2011). There are many cost containments companies are doing to lowering cost of healthcare such as reducing the benefits, including or increasing deduction and premi ums, adding copays, and coordination of benefits (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). In the last few years, health saving account (HSA), flexible saving account (FSA) are becoming more common and is a form of cost efficiently (Johnson, 2012). There is a growing interest in in HSA due to the low cost on CDHP plan with high deduction (Thomas, 2004). It’s important to note the 3 different medical delivery systems that aid in cost control and they are health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO) and consumer-driven health plan (CDHP). HMO’s regulators cost having the primary care physician (PCP) who coordinates the patients care within a close network and referrals are needed. PPO’s are a similarity however provides greater freedom and there is no referral need for specialist, nor do the patients have to choose a PCP. Consumer-driven health plan is newer than HMO’s and PPO’s and it pro’s and con’s. CDHP appears to work better with wellness programs and HAS because it a lifestyle  change in behavior to focus on health (Johnson, 2012). However it can hurt some that are medically vulnerable because CDHP have flexible accompanied with low premiums thus target low-income population who are usually the ones with chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease (Miller, 2011). 2014 is fast approaching which means health care reform is nearing its effective day and it will have an impact on employee benefits. Effects of the Affordable Care Act and Healthcare reform March 23, 2010 marks the affordable care act become law and on June 28, 2012 the supreme court decision rendered a final decision to uphold the health care law (Supremecourt.gov, 2012). There are 10 titles to the Affordable Care Act. The act gives individuals, families, and small business owners control over their health care, reduces premiums and provides tax relief to the middle class (Healthcare.gov, 2012). In terms of the medical and insurance industries, it caps out of pocket expenses, and requires preventive care to be covered without cost. The act allows those without insurance or those who can’t get insurance a change to be insured while keeping insurance companies transparent with its customers (Healthcare.gov, 2012). The effect of the affordable care act will start in 2014 therefore some organization are looking at how the health care reform will affect the upcoming benefit enrollment in 2013 (Spears, 2012). Cases on different business among many industries reveal th at healthcare reform may lead to reduce in cost, ensure healthcare benefits, restructure on existing employee benefits plan (Spears, 2012). The affordable care act changes may aid in lowering cost of healthcare overtime because it promotes preventive care and capping on the cost medical out-of-pocket ultimately allowing savings in several issues with in healthcare in general. For example, professional services cost for children health care in 2010 is a large portion of healthcare cost 40.3 % (Spears, 2012). The healthcare reform and affordable care act full impact is yet to come however it appears it will have some positive and negative affects depending on how one views it Paid Time off (PTO) Healthcare benefit has a direct effect on paid time off for example sick time. Paid time off is another important benefit to employees. It includes  paid vacation, holidays and sick time. A survey conducted in 2002 shows that 73% of employees was satisfied with the paid time off programs (Thomas, 2004). However, from the employer point of view, it’s delicate balance of cost and employee satisfaction because paid time off is an expense to the company. In effort to offset some of the cost, paid time off is being managed online through HRIS systems to save time and money. For example in 2006 it was reported by EBN quick poll that 59% of HR professional stated their company uses online tracking for paid time off such as absences (Shepherd, 2006). PTO is usually accrued with the employee seniority. But some industry trend setters are awarding PTO in lump sum and based on experience in the industry to attract human talent (Finch, 2011). Speaking of experience and seniority brings up the next employee benefits; life insurance and retirement programs. Employees work to support their families, care for love ones and themselves if ill, protect and secure their well-being and for these reasons retirement programs and life insurance is essential. Counting on just social security is not enough especially considering that millions of baby boomers are exiting the workforce and the cost of health cost. Therefore many employees utilize retirement benefits to supplement wages lost from no longer working. Baby Boomers were once the largest generation however millennials are expected to exceed baby boomers by 2016 (SHRM, 2011). Younger employees, known as millennials, are concerns that social security dead and gone well before retirement age is attained (Conlin, 2008). Employers and HR professional will have to be creative and think ahead to meet the objectives of the company. No one likes to talk about the unspeakable, death how ever employees think about love ones that maybe left behind therefore life insurance most be discussed. Life insurance is one of the oldest and most popular employee benefit (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). Life insurance is popular among employee benefits because some are unable to qualify or afford life insurance without the employer sponsoring it which many employers provide at no cost. Employers usually provide group term life insurance which has a nominal premium because of the amount of people insured. Implications for Managers Meeting employee needs and balancing cost while meeting the organization’s objectives and goals will always have some challenges. For HR managers to  overcome these challenges they should consider: Monitor and stay aware of trending topic in HR regarding employee benefits Evaluate current employee benefits annually to ensure its aligned with the business objectives and goals ïÆ' ¼Communicate regularly with employee on what benefits matter most as well as communicate changes early and frequent through the use of HRIS and other tools (Robbins, 2012) Use cost containment measures for offset the rising cost of health care such as CDHP with high deduction and HAS and promote healthier life choices/well-being programs Continue to keep the HR managers knowledgeable on changes in the law as it affects benefits Utilize technology such as HRIS and other online tools to lowering administrative cost Review pay structure frequently to use employee benefits as a device to negative pay and to stay competitive why attract and retain talent Employers and HR professional need to stride toward an equilibrium regarding employee benefit through flexibility and innovation both parties involve can have a successful outcome. References Andrews, S. (2008). Generic: The golden age of cost savings. Workspan, Bohlander, G., & Snell, S. (2010). Managing human resources . (15th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Westrn,Cengage Learning. Conlin, M. (2008, January 21). Youthquake. Business Week , Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-01-08/youthquake Dol.gov. (2012, October). Department of labor . Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/workcomp/index.htm Finch, C. (2011, July 16). Leveraging base pay, paid time off and incentives to develop a dexterous pay structure. Employee Benefits News, 25(9), 16. Healthcare.gov. (2012, October). Healthcare.gov . Retrieved from http://www.healthcare.gov/law/full/index.html Johnson, W. R. (2012). HSA programs for groups: Employer versus employee responsibilities. Benefits Quarterly, 28(3), 43-51. Kumar, M., & Pandya, S. (2012). Leveraging Technology towards HR Excellence. Information Management & Business Review, 4(4), 205-216. Merriam-Webster. (2012). Merriam-Webster, incorporated . Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benefit Miller, S. (2011). SHRM. Don’t Hurt the ‘Medically Vulnerable’, Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/benefits/articles/pages/medicallyvulnerale Robbins, M. (2012, September). Employers win gold for benefits communications. Employee Benefit News , 26(11), 30. SBA.gov. (2012, October). Required employee benefits . Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/content/providing-employee-benefits Shepherd, L. C. (2006, July). A digital evolution for paid time off. Employee Benefit News , 20(9), 12. SHRM. (2011). The top workplace trends according to HR professionals. Society for Human Resource Management SHRM , Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/Research/FutureWorkplaceTrends/Documents/0014WPF_Posting_6.pdf Smerd, J. (2007, April 12). You can do anything but don’t mess with my health insurance . Retrieved from http://www.workforce.com/article/20070412/NEWS01/304129975/do-anything-but-dont-mess-with-my-health-insurance Socialsecurity.gov. (2012, October). Social security administration. Retrieved from http://www.socialsecurity.gov/planners/about.htm?p&gclid=CNrVk8vD9bICF Spears, V. P. (2012). Health care reform changes the landscape for upcoming benefits enrollment season. Employee Benefit Plan Review , 67(3), 23. Supremecourt.gov. (2012, October). Supreme court . Retrieved from http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf Thomas, T. (2008, November 08). Workers favor health care over pay raises: Ebri. National Underwriter Life & Health, Weatherly, L. (2004, September 01). the rising cost of health care: Strategic and societal considerations for employers. HR Magazine , 49(9), 1-10.

The Railway Children

Chap 1: The Beginning of things The Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. What did Peter get as his birthday present? 2. How did Father treat the children? 3. What was Father doing when the two gentlemen arrived? 4. Who left their family after their father went away? 5. What did Mother make the children promise to her? 6. Where did the three children and their mother move to after leaving London? 7. What did the children bring along with them to the countryside cottage? 8. What happened to them at the cottage upon their arrival? Chap 2: Peter and the coalThe Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. What did the children and their mother do when they could not find their supper? 2. What did the children do when they woke up the following morning? 3. Where did the children go after breakfast? 4. What was the function of the white line on the wall? 5. How did their mother provide for the family expenses? 6. Why didn’t the family light fires to keep their ho use warm during the wet rainy days? 7. What happened to Peter at the station yard? 8. What lesson did the children learn from the coal incident?Chap 3: The Old Gentleman The Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. What did the children do when the trains going to London passed by? 2. Who waved back at the three children? 3. What did the children do at the train station? 4. What happened to the children’s mother? 5. Who came to check on Mother’s condition? 6. What was needed by their mother in order to get well? 7. How did Peter attract the Old Gentleman’s attention? 8. What did Perks, the porter, bring for the children? Chap 4: Bobbie’s Ride The Railway ChildrenAnswer the following questions 1. What was Mother’s reaction when the children told her that they had asked the Old Gentleman to help them buy food and medicine for her? 2. Why did Mother write a letter to the Old Gentleman? 3. What did Bobbie receive for her birthday? 4. Why did Bobbie’s birthday celebrations end on a sad note? 5. What happened to Bobbie on the steam train? 6. Who were the two railway workers who saw Bobbie on the train? 7. Where did Bobbie change trains to go back home? 8. How did Peter feel when he saw that his train engine was repaired?Chap 5: Saving the train The Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. Where were the children when the landslide hit the railway line? 2. Who suggested to use the red petticoats as flags? 3. Did the children manage to stop the train? How did they do it? 4. What is the consequence of the children’s actions? 5. Who invited the children to the train station for a special ceremony? 6. Why was the ceremony held? 7. What did the children get from the Northern and Southern Railway Company? 8. Who did the Old Gentleman meet at the children’s house?

How Agriculture Is Responsible For Ninety Two Percent Of...

Imagine silence. Imagine silence every time a faucet is turned, a garden spout is twisted, a shower handle pulled, a rock thrown into what used to be a flowing river. This may seem exaggerated, but this is our planet’s fate if the agriculture industry does not alter their water usage techniques. Agriculture is responsible for ninety-two percent of the world’s water footprint (Perkins). It is projected that by 2030, just fifteen short years away, over half the world will be under high water stress conditions (Powers). Seventy percent of the world’s usable fresh water goes to agriculture (Johnson). Of that seventy percent, agricultural crops use only forty-three percent; the rest is wasted (Johnson). According to the United States Geological Survey, the agricultural industry consumes 138.92 billion gallons of water a day (Admin). With such a high demand for water and rapidly growing populations scientists are concerned about and unsustainable future. Of course, sci entists and engineers are working come up with solutions to this catastrophic issue, but the people who could make the biggest difference need to start listening. Farmers’ responsibility roles in conservation of our world’s most vital natural resources cannot be stressed enough. The agriculture industry needs to make significant changes and adapt a series of adjustments to conserve the planet’s most precious resource before even money cannot make a difference. The main causes of wasteful and unsustainable waterShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesInstitute of Technology Daniel W. DeHayes Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Jeffrey A. Hoffer School of Business Administration, The University of Dayton E. Wainright Martin Kelley School of Business, Indiana University William C. Perkins Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney

Sacrifice for Love in a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

The French Revolution was a period between 1789 and 1799 when the lower class overthrew the aristocracy. A Tale of Two Cities written by Charles Dickens in 1859 occurs during the French Revolution. In the desperate time of the French Revolution, especially in this novel, individuals were willing to make sacrifices for the love of their families, their safety, and their country. Dickens represents this throughout the novel. In A Tale of Two Cities, many sacrifices, such as Dr. Manette sacrificing his sanity to save Charles Darnay, Miss Pross sacrificing her hearing to keep Lucie safe, and Sydney Carton making the ultimate sacrifice by substituting himself for Darnay at the Guillotine, are made for love. First, Dr. Manette, from his†¦show more content†¦She says, â€Å" ‘I feel†¦ as if there had been a flash and a crash, and the crash was the last thing I should ever hear in life’† (288). For love, Miss Pross is willing to make a sacrifice to keep Lucie safe on her journey. As shown here, love is a force strong enough to lead one to make a sacrifice and to conquer hate. Miss Pross’ immense love and need to keep Lucie free from harm leads her to sacrifice her hearing, a small price to pay for the life of her Ladybird. Finally, Sydney Carton makes the ultimate sacrifice by substituting himself for Charles Darnay out of love for Lucie. Carton is an abandoned soul, who sees himself unworthy for Lucie to reciprocate the love he feels for her. Nevertheless, he expresses his love, in addition to his desire for her not to have similar feelings for him. At the same time, he makes a vow, â€Å"†¦I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you†¦think now and then there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you† (117). He commits himself out of pure love, the kind of love where one cares only about the other’s happiness. 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Defining the Soul in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay

Every sentence in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself tends to either repeat or contradict. He even says of himself, I contradict myself (Lauter, p. 2793). This can make Whitmans poetry a little confusing to some. In his many stanzas, definition of the soul is ambiguous and somewhat contradictory. Whitman says, Clear and sweet is my soul....and clear and sweet is all that is not my soul (Lauter, p. 2745). What I believe Whitman is saying here is that his soul and everything else that is not his soul, including the souls of others, is clear and sweet. He goes on to say in the lines following, Lacks one lacks both... (Lauter, p. 2745). In other words, a soul cannot be clear if it is not sweet and a soul cannot be sweet†¦show more content†¦This line is an example of his use of contradiction because he also says that his soul cannot exceed the other parts of himself. Whitman writes that he, as a poet, represents the body and that he is the poet of the soul (Lauter, p.2759). In other words, his poetry represents the body and the soul, but since we are more interested in the soul, we will focus on that. Remember, also, Whitmans poetry is often contradictory. He says in the following lines, The pleasures of heaven are with me, and the pains of hell are with me (Lauter, p. 2759). I believe what Whitman is saying here is that his soul includes both pleasure and pain. But, in the very next line he says that he has brought pleasure on himself and the pain he feels he translates into a new tongue (Lauter, p. 2759). The tongue refers to here is his poetry. To tie this altogether, his poetry represents the soul, particularly pleasure and pain. He takes the pain from his soul and translates it into poetry. Therefore, his poetry represents his soul. According to Whitman the soul neither completes nor delights a person. 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Enrollement of Institutions of Higher Education Essay Example For Students

Enrollement of Institutions of Higher Education Essay Enrollment in Institutions of Higher EducationAs the years go on, more and more students are enrolling in higher forms of education, including collages, institutes, technical schools, and universities. This rise can be from the increase of students due to the growth of population, or the realization of the importance of after high school education. The rise of students from 1992 to 1993 was from 281,000 students to 293,000 students, a 12,000 people increase. From 1993 to 1994, the rise was from 293,000 students to 295,000 students, a 2,000 people increase. Some of the businesses affected by the growth are construction companies, staffs, cafeterias, school supplies, public transportation, and areas of entertainment. The construction companies get business by the incoming students. They get jobs building extra dormitories, class rooms, cafeterias, and anything else the collages may need. Also, home owners can raise the prices of apartments and houses because of the rise in the demand f or a close by campus home. The school staffs are greatly affected by the increase of incoming students. More teachers will be hired, as well as custodians to keep the campus a clean environment. Guidance counselors and secretaries will also be needed to keep the school organized. The cafeterias in or around the campus will have more customers every day, mostly from the students who live in or around the campus. Students commuting to the school are more likely to not use the cafeterias around the school. With the rise of students, the sales of text books, pencils, book bags, and other everyday school supplies are likely to increase. This is great for the schools bookstores, the publishing companies, the book authors, and large or small school and office stores in or around the campus. School supplies are a must in collage. Most students who live on campus do not have a car. Mostly because of the most of parking, students use public transportation such as trains, busses, and taxi cabs to get around. Also, maybe areas of study are in the city where having a car is not as beneficial as in suburban areas. Movie theaters, restaurants, and comedy clubs will have more customers from students who like to have fun. Also bars, strip clubs, and liquor stores will have more business from the collage student who likes to party and have fun. Many people gain from the increase of enrollment in institutions of higher education. All types of companies targeted on collage students will greatly increase customers. However, this is not good for just the companies serving collage students, this is great for collage students themselves. They receive an education that can give them a great start in life as an adult. As a country, this increase helps out the United States of America by having more educated people creating new inventions, updating current products, and by creating new businesses. Also, since many of the students will have an education, they will most likely, not be the ones involved in crimes such as burglaries and thefts. Bibliography:none

The Struggles And Fears Of A Puritan Mother Essays -

The Struggles and Fears of a Puritan Mother Being a Puritan woman, Anne Bradstreet had trouble writing poetry in a patriarchal, unimaginative world. Although Bradstreet grew up in affluence with the luxury of an excellent education, she was expected to behave as a normal Puritan woman. She was the wife and child of colonial governor, but her status could not save her from the maltreatment and contempt of a women stepping over the line. The Puritan belief that a women's place is in the home, perturbed Bradstreet. She did not agree with the cultural bias toward women in her time. Bradstreet was criticized harshly for her role as a female writer; nonetheless, she wrote more and more about being a woman. Bradstreet used her feminine side in her poetry to fight her inner struggles. She showed the world that being a woman was to her advantage in the realm of her poetry. Bradstreet uses a variety of metaphors throughout her poetry, but the metaphor that shows her struggles with being a woman is her metaphor of a mother to a child. Th is metaphor is seen in two of her poems, "The Author to Her Book," and, "In Reference to Her Children, 23 June 1659." In these two poems, Bradstreet uses the metaphor of a mother to her child to accentuate her role as a female and a mother. In the poem, "The Author to Her Book", Bradstreet uses the metaphor of a mother to a child to cope with her struggles of shame and pride toward her book. She addresses the book as if it was a child and compares it to one that is misbehaving and embarrassing. Bradstreet is embarrassed by her, "ill-form'd offspring of my feeble brain (l. 1)." Even though she is embarrassed by her work, she lets the reader know that it is by her own fault that it is deformed. "Who after birth did'st by my side remain, / Till snatcht by friends, less wise than true / Who thee abroad expos'd to public view, (ll. 2-4)." She nursed the child from birth, but it was unexpectedly taken from her and that is why the child is "ill form'd". Her brother with out her consent published Bradstreet's works therefore; the poetry was not ready to be published. She likens this embarrassment to that a mother would have dealing with an unruly child. Made thee in rags halting to th' press to trudge, Where errors were not lessened (all may judge). At thy return my blushing was not small, My rambling brat (in print) should mother call; I cast thee by as one unfit for light, Thy visage was so irksome in my sight; (ll. 6-10). In this passage, she uses the word mother. Along with the words offspring and birth, she builds up her metaphor of her poetry as a child. As would a mother birth a child into the world, Bradstreet has birthed her poetry. Bradstreet goes on to expand her metaphor to show her feelings of pride toward her work. She shows her feelings toward her work in the metaphor of parental love. "Yet being mine own, at length affection would/ They blemishes amend, if so I could: (ll.11-12)." As a mother of eight, Bradstreet knows how to raise her children to the best of her ability and tries to do the same with her poetry. As a mother would try to further the movement, physically and spiritually, of her child, Bradstreet tries to do the same with her poems. I wash'd thy face, but more defects I saw, And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. I stretcht thy joints to make thee even feet, Yet still thou run'st more hobbling that is meet; (ll.13-16) Bradstreet tries very hard to make her child perfect. While a parent is always striving for perfection in their child, likewise, Bradstreet is searching for the same perfection in her writing. Even though she cannot reach this unattainable perfection, she still feels pride and "affection". Bradstreet knows that even though the child has faults and is not perfect, that she must let go. "In this array, ?mongst vulgars may'st roam (l.19)." The child is on his or her own now and left to the prey of the critics. This poem, "The Author to