Dracula :: essays research papers

OverviewDracula has appealed to readers for almost a century, at least in part because it deals with one of the great clement conflicts the struggle between good and evil. Stoker acknowledges the complexity of this conflict by showing good characters attracted to evil. For example, Jonathan Harker, the lawyer who journeys to Transylvania, is almost attacked at Draculas castle by triple unexampled female vampires. In fact, he seems to be actually welcoming the attack before it is interrupted by the count. In this scene, as well as others, Stoker suggests that evil, represented by the vampires, is an almost irresistible force which requires great spiritual strength to overcome. It eventually takes the combined forces of a band of men, representing different countries, to drink down the vampiric count. Stokers novel is a symbolic exploration of a conflict which has long troubled humankind.Dracula also has considerable cultural importance. Stoker was not the prototypical writer to make use of the vampire legend. Throughout the 19th century vampires appeared in a number of works, including Sheridan LeFanus Carmilla (1872), which Stoker read as a young man. But it is Stokers version of the vampire legend that has had the most enduring popular appeal and the greatest influence on modern writers and filmmakers. In his book Vampires Unearthed, Martin Riccardo tells the drool of a survey taken by Madame Tussauds Wax Museum to determine the worlds "most hated person." Dracula ranked fifth. Clearly, Stokers creation continues to capture readers imaginations.SETTING Stoker uses a circular structure for his novel, incorporating two settings. Transylvania is the setting for the beginning and end of the novel, and, since he had never been there, Stoker had to rely on research for his description of the country and its people. The alleviation of the novel takes place in England, a setting familiar to Stoker and his audience.The novel begins with Jonathan Harkers journey to Transylvania on May 3 of an unspecified year. Harker later states that septenary years elapse between the events themselves and his compilation of them, so we may assume that the action of the novel takes place from May to November in 1890. Harkers initial enjoyment of a country filled with wonderful new sights, people, and food contrasts sharply with his apprehension as he approaches the counts castle and his terror when he finally realizes he is Draculas prisoner. This section, the original four chapters of the novel, has been highly praised for its accurate descriptions of the region and its use of those descriptions to create suspense and terror.

The Future of Small Science Essay -- Nanoscience Technology Essays

The Future of puny ScienceIn the last hardly a(prenominal) years, nanotechnology has become a craze indoors the science community, so far though its almost completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results. But in the United States, faith in its future, backed by a government four-year plan to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses confound sprung up with nano written somewhere in their mission statements. basically defined only as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the fundamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist Max Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until recently no applications could be developed for this new and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is utilise to encompass new techniques and applications made real by right equipment. And it isnt only businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly manage fit tresss, but many competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being important players in the States world-renowned nano research.Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech cranial orbit since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million apply received this March from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two some other New England universities the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell Northeastern has stupendous plans for the future of the in truth small.Its not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and thats what we need, said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much room for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its great potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught t he attention of such a large section of the market because miniaturization is such a versatile and widely desired concept the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human body the computer chip industry could push its processors to unheard of speeds, as little chips mean less power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology like a shot could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific revolution since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small. The Future of Small Science Essay -- Nanoscience Technology EssaysThe Future of Small ScienceIn the last few years, nanotechnology has become a craze within the science community, even though its almost completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results. But in the United States, faith in its future, backed by a government four-year plan to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses have sprung up with nano written somewhere in their mission statements. Basically defined only as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the fundamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist Max Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until recently no applications could be developed for this new and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is used to encompass new techniques and applications made real by advanced equipment. And it isnt only businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly possible devices, but many competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being main players in the States world-renowned nano researc h.Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech field since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million grant received this March from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two other New England universities the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell Northeastern has big plans for the future of the very small.Its not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and thats what we need, said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much room for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its greatest potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught the attention of such a large section of the market because miniaturization is such a versatile and widely desired concept the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human body the computer chip industry could push its pr ocessors to unheard of speeds, as smaller chips mean less power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology today could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific revolution since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small.

Historical, Sociological, and Philosophical Elements of Heart of Darkne

diachronic, Sociological, and Philosophical Elements of stub of Darkness An awareness of the historical, sociological, and philosophical climate general during the time in which Heart of Darkness was written plays a key role in understanding the significance of Conrads complex work. Joseph Conrad began work on Heart of Darkness in 1898 and completed it the following year in 1899. During this time the impressionist movement was in full swing, European colonization was at its peak, racial tensions were rapidly increasing, and man was confronted with the fall of the traditional view that held man as the eminent ruler the world. Each of these issues significantly influenced Joseph Conrads writing of the novel as easy as its collective meaning for all mankind. A look at Conrads writing style will allow us to infer his possible invention upon writing Heart of Darkness and therefore how the reader should approach it. Conrads writing style is centered upon the literary sense of impr essionism. Literary impressionism is characterized by the use of dilate and mental associations to evoke subjective and sensory impressions rather than the re-creation of objective reality (impressionism). Conrad is trying to communicate to the readers in a way that transcends the written word. The determination here is not to abstract orderly ideas about experience, rather they try to re-create and communicate the rich complexities of experience itself, with all its darkness, messiness, and ambiguity intact (Dintenfass). close to novices have argued that Conrad presents so much detail and chaos in his works that it becomes too much for him to analyze. Conrad responded to this attack in a letter directed toward critic Richard Curle ... ...enfass, Mark. Heart of Darkness A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture. 14 Mar. 1996. *http//www.acsu.buffalo.edu/csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2 Feb. 2000). Guerard, Albert J. Conrad the Novelist. Cambridge, MA. Harvard U. Press, 1958. Hayes, Dorsha. Heart of Darkness An Aspect of the Shadow, Spring (1956) 43-47.. Hillman, James. Notes on White Supremacy Essaying an Archetypal Account of Historical Events, Spring (1986) 29-57. Jean-Aubry, George. Joseph Conrad Life and Letters. Vol. 1. New York Page, 1966. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness The European Exploration of Africa. New York Carol & Gey, 1992. Mellard, James. Myth and Archetype in Heart of Darkness, Tennessee Studies in literary works 13 (1968) 1-15. Yatzeck Marlows Lie - http//cwis.lawrence.edu/www 4. french in Africa - www.sas.upenn edu/ AF._Studies

History of Belize :: Essays Papers

History of Belize Mayan civilization flourished in what is now called Belize between 300 and 600 AD, entirely had collapsed around 900 AD. By the time the Spanish arrived in the mid 16th coulomb there were few Mayans left, and their buildings had already become ruins. Although the Spanish explorers laid exact over the area, the first permanent European settlement was established by shipwrecked English seamen in 1638. The English settlers raided Spanish ships while Spain retaliated with repeated attacks on the settlers, unless in 1763 Spain granted the British settlements the right to begin logging. British administrators governed the area from 1786 which caused a rift between Spain and Britain. England won control over the land at the Battle of St. Georges Caye in 1798, and with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802, Spain recognized British sovereignty. British law began to uphold as of 1840 and the area was eventually declared a lead colony in 1862 known as British Hondura s. The United Kingdoms main interest in Belize was purely economic. In the mid seventeenth century the African Slave Trade was introduced as a source of labor for forestry which continued to be the main enterprise until it was eventually supplanted by sugar. Although thraldom in the British colonies was abolished progressively between 1833 and 1838, many early immigrants came from the West Indies. The only way England was able to farm British Honduras was by shipping big amounts of immigrants to the country in order to be part of the working class. Englands economic interests in British Honduras pushed for a heavy(p) mixed immigrant population, which ended up allowing the area to become populated by many interracial children. Although there were few British settlers that stayed on the island, interracial mixing began to develop due to the large population of Africans that came over as slaves and with a few original Amerindian or Mayan inhabitants. People of what i s now known as Belize can be referred to by variant ethnicities known as Mestizos (mix of Mayan and European descent) and Garifuna or Black Caribs (mix of Amerindian and African blood), and Creole (mixture of white and black), but the most predominant race that remains since the 17th century up till today are Black.

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education I knew at an early age that I treasured to be a teacher. As a baby bird, my friends and cousins always played school and of course I always had to be the teacher We had a cinderblock building that we called the wendy house and this is where my teaching career began. We would play for hours doing reading, spelling and writing. I always loved to grade the papers. And most of all I had strict behavior rules. Throughout life, pull down though my teaching career has been on hold, I moderate worked in various atmospheres with children from babysitting to different types of leadership roles. Mostly being a youth leader in our church has had a lot of various types of teaching skills. Keeping childrens motivation level and interest is a difficult task. I have worked with all different ages from preschool through the sixth grade. I truly believe that sometimes a teacher is the most important role a child comes across. The impact that a teacher makes will last a life time. My elementary experiences were wonderful years that I feel have made me into the soul I am today, especially my second grade teacher, Ms. Fezer. She was the greatest teacher of all times. She not only had love for her students but compassion to want them to grow and made sure they that they understood the material. She made learning fun and always had a wonderful smile. I hope to run a classroom in the manner that she did. Another great teacher that stands out is my dad. He is a retired sixth grade teacher. He was very strict, but all the children loved him. He made sure that they were ready for seventh grade. Along with teaching respect and manners and he never failed to friend any child in need. These children, now grown up still make a point to speak to him when they see him out. Some even thank him for being so strict and make them work hard that they have told him it sure did pay off later on down the road. As a father, hes the greatest and always willing to help .

Sociopolitical Philosophy In The Works Of Stoker And Yeats Essay

Socio g all overnmental Philosophy in the Works of Stoker and YeatsAround the turn of this century there was widespread fear throughoutEurope, and curiously Ireland, of the consequences of the race mixing that wasoccurring and the rise of the lower classes over the aristocracies in control.In Ireland, the Protestants who were in control of the country began to fear therise of the Catholics, which threatened their land and political power. TwoIrish authors of the period, Bram Stoker and William Butler Yeats, offer theirviews on this problem in their works of fiction. These include StokersDracula and Yeats On Bailes Strand and The Only green-eyed monster of Emer, and theseworks show the authors differences in ideas on how to deal with this threat tocivilization. Stoker feels that triumph over this threat can only be achievedby the buck of these demonic forces through modernity, maculation Yeats believesthat only by facing the violent and demonic forces and emerging from them could Ireland return to its ancient and traditional roots and find its spatial relation insociety.The vampire was a common metaphor used by many authors in an attempt toportray the rising lower class and opposed influence as evil and harmful tomodern civilization. The Irish Protestant author Sheridan Le Fanu uses vampiresto represend the Catholic uprising in Ireland in his degree Carmilla. Like muchof gothic fiction, Carmilla is about the mixing of blood and the harm thatresults from it. When vampires strike, they are tainting the blood of the pureand innocent, causing them to degenerate into undead savages who will take overand annex until their race makes up the condition of the whole world. Thiswas the fear the Protestants had of the rising Catholic class. They were seenas a lowly people and the fear was that they too would colonize and degenerateIreland, and perhaps the rest of Europe, back into a primitive land of savages.This fear of the breakdown of civilization by dark forces is also what Draculais about.In Dracula, Stoker sets up the heroes and victors of the novel ascivilized people, while the foreign villain is ancient and demonic. The bookbegins with the journal of Jonathan Harker, a stenographer from London who issent to Transylvania to close a land deal with the mysterious Cou... ...rk forces that threatenit, and removing itself from these forces, in addition to simply delaying theinevitable, will only lead to further tragedy.The works of these two Irish authors are fine pieces of fiction thateffectively employ the elements of horror and tragedy which are common in gothicliterature, but they also service as valuable insights into the philosophies thatwere shared by many Europeans during these times of anxiety and change. It isdifficult to say which philosophy is superior to the other. Stokers Draculawas published in 1897, while Yeats works were written later, with The OnlyJealousy of Emerwritten in 1919, giving him the advantage of witnessing th eEaster Rising of 1916. The turmoil of the period was not as simple as modernversus primitive or good versus evil, and certainly not everyone in Europeshared their views or anything close to them, thus making it intimatelyimpossible to judge the superiority of one philosophy over another. Whilereaders may not agree with either of the authors, these works are still socialize and serve as a testament to the power of literature as a platformfor social and political opinion.

Prohibiting Smoking in Public Places

Secondhand eatage is especially dangerousmuch more to children who are directly exposed to the smoke. Canada should appliance a no-smoking policy, not just inside cars,but in all public places where there is an threat of secondhand smoke. It is a fact that secondhand smoke is more toxic than smoke directly inhaled by smokers. It is known to cause cancer and there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke. It takes at least three hours for cigarette smoke to clear in an average-sized room.Hazardous components of the smoke can remain present much longer (Office of Tobacco hold Prevention). Although the simplest, least expensive and most effective solution against secondhand smoke is not smoking in any enclosed indoor area (Office of Tobacco Use Prevention), Canada should legislate laws that would ban smoking in public places to reduce deaths related to tobacco use and second hand smoke just like what legion(predicate) some other countries have already been doing.Eliminati ng smoking is the only way to effectively reduce the harmful effects associated with cigarette smoke. Ventilation could prove to be an effective way of eliminating secondhand smoke indoors if the exhausted air leads outside but it not effective in eliminating its harmful components. Parents should be responsible generous to keep their children away from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke.As a sign of respect, smokers should get out of the room when other people will be exposed to the smoke that he/she will exhale. This in turn also limits the number of people that will be exposed to secondhand smoke. Because secondhand smoke is much more harmful than the smoke inhaled, the government should consider legislating laws that would prohibit smoking in public places because this already proved effective for other countries.

Berlin Crisis of 1961 from Perspective of Realism Theory Essay

Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the most dangerous moment of the frore warfare. This conflict was mainly more or less the occupational berth of Berlin. Berlin Crisis initially emerged in 1958 by the provocation of the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a purloin peace treaty with East Germany unless the westerly index fingers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). However, the escalation of tensions began after the Vienna Summit in June 1961, where the USSR again raised the neck of ultimatum, which gave the joined States six months for the withdrawal of occidental gird forces from West Berlin.Berlin Crisis was non the only crisis during Cold War. Through the whole history of humanity there has al centerings been a question wherefore do wars and conflicts fix? In pronounce to give an answer to this question we should explain some factors which made the war to occur. Crisis and especially Berlin Crisis heap be dumb from several perspectives, still in this paper it bequeath be explained from reality theory perspective. As a famous representative of realism theory, waltz asked himself the question why do wars occur? waltz arounds question is as old as war itself, possibly be exercise to explain how peace can be more pronto achieved requires an understanding of the causes of war (Waltz, 1959 2). By the duration Waltz posed this question, many answers to it already existed.These answers fell into three categories (or as IR theorists came to define them, were found at the three levels of analysis or in the three dates). These three categories/levels/images atomic number 18 the individual, the recount, and the area dodge (C.Weber, 2009, p. 17). These main causes of conflict will be represented in detail in the main body of the paper by the example of Berlin Crisis. Although Waltzs three categories of the causes of war explained many processes in the Berlin Crisis, there are a lso main(prenominal) points in the theory of realism, which typically explain Berlin Crisis, atomic number 53 of those points is the issue of bipolarity or multipolarity of the world.Morgenthau, an American academic and journalistic writer, in contrast to Waltz saw the stable world in multipolar rather than in a bipolar system. From his perspective bipolarity was dangerous for the worlds stability, because as we will describe next, Berlin Crisis was the result of bipolar system, where deuce great advocates tried to rein the a nonher(prenominal)s, by increase their might and authority. As Waltz said, each great power seek-after(a) to survive. Thus, realism theory explained Berlin Crisis from many points of view.In order to better understand Berlin Crisis of 1961 from realism theory perspective, I will present the main points of realism theory. After, I will give a short historical background of Berlin Crisis and to summarize all these, I will illustrate how well realism theor y explained the Berlin Crisis. The realism Theory The most dominant theory without the Cold War was realism. Realism had a negative viewpoint concerning to abolishment of conflict and war. It described foreign transaction as a struggle for power.The domination of realism during the Cold War was due to the fact that it gave simple but powerful explanation for war, alliances, imperialism, obstacles to cooperation, and other international phenomena, and of course, the competition was mainly related with the features of the American-Soviet rivalry (S. M. Walt, 1998). However the realist thought developed during the Cold War. Classical realists such as Hans Morgenthau considered that states, as human beings, had a wish to dominate others, which brings about a war.Giving emolument to multipolarity, Morgenthau considered that the bipolar rivalry between United States and the Soviet Union was genuinely dangerous (S. M. Walt, 1998). In contrast to classical realism, the neorealist theor y, advanced by Kenneth Waltz, ignored human nature and focused on the effects of the international system (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31). He claimed that international system included great powers, which were desire to stay alive. In contrast to Morgenthau, Waltz considered bipolar system more stable than multipolarity. When there are more than two poles, issues get trickier.Balances are harder to strike and therefore risks increase, which brought about the wars (C. Weber, 2009). One of the most important features of realism is a theory of offence-defense. It was developed by Robert Jervis, George Quester and Stephen forefront Evera. When defense had the advantage and states could distinguish between offensive and defensive weapons, then states could acquire the means to defend themselves, without threatening others (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31).Defensive realists thought that all states were seeking to survive and in this case, by creating alliances and adopting self-protective military position, great owers could solve their security problems. And as an example, Waltz and other neo-realists thought that the United States was protected and secured during the Cold War. Realists and neo-realists agree that the prime aim of states was to survive and the increase of their power is the only way to guarantee their survival, because states with less power might fear of those with more power and therefore the possibility to attack them was the minimum. Besides, realists and neo-realists concord that there was no possibility to get out from international anarchy.However there was sensation thing they disagree about the issue of human nature. For example, Morgenthau argued that the nature of a man (and he meant the gender exclusive term man see Tickner, 1992 Chapter 2) was defective and international politics would bear on anarchical and conflictual because of the nature of man. Neorealists, of whom Kenneth Waltz was the first, disagreed with this consideration. They argu e that instead of looking to natural causes of conflict, we need to look to social ones (C. Weber, 2009, p. 16). Waltz thought that the organization of social relations and not the nature of man determined there was a war or not, because states go to war as they are in a crowing social organization. So, for realists, international anarchy was just the environment in which s overeign nation-states acted.For neo-realists, international anarchy described the social relations among sovereign nation-states, which explained why wars arise. By the end of the Cold War, realism had moved away from Morgenthaus gloomy human nature and was taken on a little more tyrannical stage (S.M. Walt, 1998). Historical Background of Berlin Crisis After World War II Germany was divided first into four sectors, with American, British, French and Soviet, and then into two, as the three Western sectors coalesced to form the new Federal Republic of Germany, leaving the Soviet sector to turn into the German Democratic Republic (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). And during this period Germany had two study cresses, but the 1961 Berlin crisis was generally perceived to be more dramatic and dangerous than its 1958 predecessor.The Kennedy judiciary was more inclined than its predecessor to consider EastWest contrast over the Berlin crisis. President Kennedy gave a speech to the nation about preparing for war and began a $3. 4 billion military build-up in the summer of 1961. Both the US and the Soviet forces had a dramatic confrontation at a military checkpoint in Berlin. Initially, The Berlin Crisis began in 1958, when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a separate peace treaty with East Germany unless the western powers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) (I.W. Trauschweizer, 2006, 206).However, the main crisis heated through 1961. It escalated at the Vienna summit between Khrushchev and Kennedy in June 1961, when Khrushchev again raised issue of h is ultimatum. Kennedy left Vienna shaken and expected the worst from the Soviet leader. He decided to increase the personal strength of US armed forces in Europe. However, the first step of aggression did the Soviet Union. On 13 August, East German police units closed the border between the Soviet sector and the three western sectors of Berlin.The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was one of the defining moments of the Cold War, and heightened the sense of tension. It was the moment when the crisis was stabilized. Even as it became progressively apparent that Berlin was unlikely to provide a hot war, it provided the Cold War with its most conspicuous symbol, a regular break away for any visit to the city, a chance to stand and look over into a grey east and compare it with the wealth behind (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The division of Berlin and grammatical construction a wall was a shock for the Kennedy administration.Most of the United States government o fficials were expecting that the crisis would revolve, but there were some in the administration who thought that the East German government would take measures to stop the flow of refugees from East Germany, and they believed that the border closing might reduce tensions rather than lead to escalation. In order to enforce his influence in Western resolve of Berlin Kennedy decided to appoint Clay, who was a chairman of the Continental Can Company in New York, as his Special Representative in Berlin with the rank of Ambassador.Kennedy considered direct Clay to Berlin for the duration of the crisis in order to boost morale in the city, but also to create conditions that would persuade Soviet leaders to join in serious negotiations (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). The stand-off of Soviet and American tanks in the heart of Berlin in October 1961, constituted the most dangerous moment of the Cold War in Europe and it was one of the last major politico-military incidents of Cold War. As per standing orders, two groups of tanks were loaded with live munitions.The lert levels of the US Garrison in West Berlin, then NATO and finally the US Strategic Air Command were raised and both groups of tanks had orders to fire if fired upon. Clay was convinced that using US tanks as bulldozer to knock go through parts of the Wall would have ended the Crisis to the greater advantage of the US and its allies without drawing out a Soviet military response. His views, and corresponding record that the Soviets may have backed d avouch following this action, supported a more critical assessment of Kennedys decisions during the crisis and his willingness to accept the Wall- as the best solution.After, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to reduce tensions by withdrawing the tanks. One by one the tanks withdrew and Clay returned to the United States in May 1962. Anyway, there was no doubt that the Berlin Crisis and in general, the Cold War was really over when the Wall came down in November 1 989. Berlin Crisis from Realism Theory Perspective As the most dominate theory during the Cold War was the realism we easily can view Berlin crisis from the perspective of this theory, because Berlin crisis was one of the major conflicts during the Cold War.Realism explained many processes of Berlin Crisis, but there were some miscalculations concerning to it. All about these will be represented in this part of the paper. The main competition in the world realism theory saw between the United States and the Soviet Union. Realists claimed that bipolar system of world was very dangerous and gave an advantage to multipolarity. Thus, the bipolar system was very typical during Berlin Crisis, but from the neorealism perspective the bipolar world was more stable. here(predicate) neorealists had a miscalculation, because during Berlin Crisis bipolarity dominated in the world and history shows that tensions were more escalated than ever. Thus, from this point of view realists thoughts more c orresponded to reality, than that of the neorealists. From the perspective of realism theory states must have power in order to survive. United States and Soviet Union tried to do so by strengthening the power in Europe. According to Morgenthau human beings sought to get power and to dominate others. The Berlin Crisis was beneficial example for this idea.Both the United States and the Soviet Union were doing everything to get more power in Europe and to dominate each other. After Viennas summit, tensions came obvious and the first reaction of both great powers was how not to lose power over Berlin. The result was the Berlin conflict. The building of Berlin wall can be described by the wish of great powers to survive in this situation and the increase of power was the main guarantee for survival. From the perspective of realism theory fear also made these two great powers to dominate in Berlin. Both the United States and the Soviet Union took actions from fear of losing a power.Afte r Vienna summit Kennedy was shocked and expected everything from Soviet Union. And the fear of not losing a power made Kennedy to turn to drastic actions by increasing the power over Berlin. Berlin Crisis was a result of using force. Here is the nifty example of Achesons report The Soviets would provoke a crisis in Berlin to take advantage of US conventional force inadequacies and humiliate the new Administration (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). In the Realism theory there was another important element of aggression during the Cold War. This kind of look we can see from the United States side.National Security Adviser Mc. George Bundy endorsed the Acheson report, urging the president that Berlin is no place for via media and our general friendliness and eagerness for improvement on many other points really requires strength here in order to be rightly understood (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). The aggressive tone of the Acheson access and its support i n the Administration contrasted with the political compromises President Kennedy wanted to be in Berlin, but Khrushchevs belligerent deportment at the Vienna summit convinced the president of the Acheson argument.However, whatever the positions of both sides were The Berlin crises of 1958 and 1961 suggested that the range of political choice was defined less by military capabilities than by the nature of the political conflict that gave rise to the use of force and by the willingness of adversaries to accept risk in order to achieve their political goals (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 38). However why did this crisis occur? Waltz asked himself a question like this one why do wars occur in general? The answers to this question fell into three categories the individual, the state, and the state system.Waltz argued that the major causes of war could be found at each of these categories and none of them alone could explain why wars do or do not occur. He came to this conclusi on by beginning to look at the first category- a man. From the first category Waltz explained the war like this the locus of the important causes of war is found in the nature and deportment of man. War results from selfishness, from misdirected aggressive impulses, from stupidity If these are the primary causes of war, then the elimination of war must come through uplifting and enlightening men or securing their psychic-social readjustment (Waltz, 1959 16).This idea is prevalent with the behavior of Kennedy and Khrushchev during Berlin Crisis. In the basis of this conflict a nature and behavior of both Kennedy and Khrushchev can be found. They both had an aggressive behavior. Explanation of war of men behaving badly is very typical for Khrushchev, when in June 1961 Khrushchev again raised the issue of his ultimatum, which claimed an immediate withdrawal of US armed forces from Berlin. Man behaves badly because he is bad by nature.He acts unreasonably or he prioritizes selfish goa ls over communitarian goals, and this is why conflicts and wars occur (C. Weber, 2009, p. 17). As we already know for Waltz man alone cannot causes wars. He thought that mans nature was too convoluted to be the direct and main cause for war. For the Berlin Crisis we can conclude the same. Even the great players of this crisis were the United States and the Soviet Union leading with Kennedy and Khrushchev, only their nature and behavior were not enough to incite conflict.Thus, we can look to social and political institutions to complete our understanding of why wars occur and especially why Berlin crisis occurred. Waltz asked whether the incident of wars could be explained by the internal organization of states and societies. Second category theorists argued that there are good and bad states, because of their formal governmental arrangements for example, democratic vs. autocratic or their less formal social arrangements, who owned the means of production. Second image theories cla imed that bad actors (this clipping states) make war, and good actors preserve the peace.However, there is no common answer which is a bad one and which is good, because some suggested good states would be democratic, others say they should be monarchical, others still say socialist. Waltz suggested, even if second image theorists could agree on what a good state was, there was still no guarantee that a world of good states would be a irenic world.From this viewpoint realism theory could not explain which kind of state was good or bad, and we cannot say the democratic America or the socialist Soviet Union were the causes of the risis. Waltz concluded that this level of analyses was incomplete. For the third category he gave linkages between anarchy, state actions and conflict. In anarchy there is no automatic conformity A state will use force to attain its goals if, after assessing the prospects for success, it values those goals more than it values the pleasures of peace. Becaus e each state is the final judge of its own cause, any state may at any time use force to implement its policies.Because any state may at any time use force, all states must constantly be ready either to counter force with force or to pay the cost of weakness (Waltz, 1959 160) (C. Weber, 2009, p. 18). Waltz called bad social organization international anarchy. International anarchy is the permissive cause of war (C, Weber, 2009, p. 16). From this viewpoint realism described the social organization of states and the cause why crisis started. Taking into account the ideas of Waltz, that in the world there was international anarchy, we can say that Berlin crisis was the result of it.These can bring about the idea that both United States and Soviet Union were in bad social organization. Waltz concluded that wars occur, because there is nothing to prevent it. So, for Waltz, international anarchy explained both why wars may occur and why there are limits on cooperation among states in the international system. Waltz argued that only international anarchy has the power to explain why wars may occur, if individuals and states have nothing to fear from one another, then they have no cause to fight with one another.This idea can be associate with the fear of Kennedy, when he left Vienna. He was expecting anything from the Soviet Union and the fear made him to strength the military personal of US armed forces in Berlin. He wanted to survive by maximizing power. Waltz believed that we need to look at social causes of conflict rather than on natural. He explained that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations.States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization. From the realism perspective the United States also had bad social organization, because the Kennedy Administration did not understand the 1961 crisis in these political terms. They viewed Soviet pressu re on Berlin as a military challenge to declining US superiority, and concentrated their efforts on military responses. The Administration began a series of defense improvements and public commentary that exacerbated the instability of the East German regime and raised USSoviet tensions.They abandoned this confrontational approach in August of 1961 when the Berlin Wall was constructed, opting instead to reduce USSoviet tensions by supporting the long-term division of Germany (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). While it is questionable whether the Kennedy Administration, new to smudge and without Eisenhowers war fighting credibility, could have succeeded with the Eisenhower approach to Berlin, the stridency with which the Kennedy Administration approached the crisis exacerbated the problem, both with the Soviet Union and among the Western allies.The US failure to follow through on its hard-line approach when the Berlin Wall was built raised serious questions about the practicalit y of the Kennedy Administrations new military strategy and the reliability of the US for its European allies (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 22). As we can see the main purpose of this conflict was to get power. Morgenthau said that The struggle for power is universal in time and space (Morgenthau 1948 17) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10).Waltz also shared an opinion concerning to power The daily presence of force and recurrent reliance on it mark the affairs of nations (Waltz 1979 186) (J.Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). morphologic realists give predominant emphasis to international anarchy. For example, John Herz argued that international anarchy assures the centrality of the struggle for power even in the absence of aggression or alike factors (Herz 1976 10 compare Waltz 1979 6263) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). The Berlin Crisis was vivied example of sharing the the power between two great powers and the thought of Waltz that states need a power in order to survive is very typical fo r Berlin Crisis. ConclusionTo summarize all above mentioned I would like to say that the realism theory, which was the dominant one during the Cold War, explained many processes of Berlin Crisis. In general it gave important answers about Berlin Crisis. Realism emphasized the constraints on politics imposed by human nature and the absence of international government. Together, they make international relations largely a realm of power and interest (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 9). All realists emphasize the egoistic passions and self-interest in politics.The realists grade emphasis on power and claimed that states need the power in order to survive. In case of Berlin Crisis, United States and Soviet Union maximized their power in order to get a dominant role in Europe. At the same time fear also made them to turn to radical actions. Especially United States increased the US armed forces in Berlin. So the combination of the wish to have more power and a fear to lose a power can be viewed a s the causes of conflict. From the realism theory perspective there were also elements of aggression through Cold War, especially during Berlin Crisis.The aggression can be found in both United States and Soviet Unions actions. However, the main reasons why this conflict occurred were described by Waltz. He represented the conflict by three categories. For him the three categories combined can made war to occur, but in general the first and the second categories can explain the Berlin Crisis. The third one, even cannot distinguish which is good state and which one is bad in the case of Berlin Crisis we cannot say United States was good and Soviet jointure was bad or vice versa.Anyway, Waltz argued that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations. States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The only thing Waltz had miscalcula tion about was the multipolar system, because he saw the stabile world within the framework of bipolar system, but in reality, during Berlin Crisis bipolar world was very dangerous. We can conclude that realism theory managed to explain the Berlin Crisis from many points of view.There were some issues during Berlin Crisis, which realism theory could not cover, but the main aspects of it can be easily described from the realism theory perspective. To summarize the thoughts of major thinkers of realism and neorealism theory, which characteristically explained the Berlin Crisis, we can say that for Waltz the states interest provides the fountain of action and the necessities of policy arise from the unregulated competition of states and calculation based on these necessities can discover the policies that will best serve a states interests.For Morgenthau, politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature and the main mark that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power. Thus, power and interest are variable in gist (J. Donnelly, 2004).

Health Care Financial Accounting Essay

Financial oversight is a very complex butt against across the vexation organizations. The increasing competition, complexity of melodic phrase, rising expectations of investors etc can lure any organization to use un estimable financial management tactics to make their books visit better. further this can be extremely chaotic In future. Healthcargon organizations are especially prone to such practices because of the extreme financial pressure and critical character of business operations.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the different aspects of the financial management, generally accepted accounting principles and the suggested ethical practices in this regard. Financial management is not just a record of debits and credits. It is a measure of the wellness of an organization. The four elements of financial management consist of planning, see to it, organizing and directing, decision making. The business operations must be plotted and the management must be well aware of all the business aspects. The management needs to follow a systematic process to make ethical decisions in sync with the goals of the organization.It must be ensured that sufficient fund is available to perform business operations in time. The management must have the control of business operations and thus the financial activities. The management needs to ensure that each part of the organization is adhering to the goals established for it. The management needs to decide how effectively the resources can be used to achieve the goals. This helps in maintaining the financial health of the organization. There is always a possibility of a financial situation in an organization when a difficult decision is to be lay claimn.Such circumstances require prompt decision making capability along with the understanding of the consequences of the decisions. In addition to the complexity of financial management, there are general accepted accounting principles. The general accepted accounti ng principles also referred to as (GAAP). Generally true Accounting Principles are not any written rules. They are just the recommended accounting practices to maintain accurate, fair and consistent financial reporting. Financial Accounting Standards carte du jour (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have worked together to come out with GAAP.They revise the recommendations as and when required (Investopedia, n. d). Though every nation is free to stick with to any accounting system but GAAP is internationally followed to allow the interaction of organizations and their financial reports at international level. Ethics in financial management is very essential in all types of organization but it is even more important in health care organizations. A primary spring is that patients and their families are vulnerable to unethical practices. They deserve honesty in the financial aspects. The boards, executives, clinicians and the staff are equally responsible in this process.Another reason is that the health care organizations bear extreme financial pressure and it becomes very difficult for the finance department to strike a balance between the facilities and expenses. If the financial health of the organization declines, it sets up a negative spiral of loss of business. There have been several incidents of unethical financial management practices because of the increasing complexity of business operations. Therefore, several examples of ethical practice and conduct are suggested to avoid any unfair and dishonest incident.There are several financial circumstances that argufy the management to take right decision in a speedy manner. There may be quick unethical measures available that may flow the problem temporarily. But the management must not follow such measures as they may prove chaotic in longer run. They must take the ethical financial decisions. In a 2004 news articles that discusses compromising situation.. This articles states, The financial pressures experienced by most healthcare organizations are intense. Not surprisingly, financial statements run into frequent and persistent scrutiny.Declining financial performance makes the organization and its management team look bad. If financial covenants arent met, a hospitals bond rating may be down-graded, resulting in reduced access to low-cost capital and other serious financial ramifications. For whatever reason, the board, management team, and external constituencies may require to make the numbers look better. The heat is on the CFO to do the books differently (Tyler, 2004). In this example, the CFO is responsible to be honest. Manipulating the books the make the number look better would unethical.However, the CFO must make ethical financial decisions. Another example of good moral philosophy is a business leaders sincerity. A business organization can have positive as well as negative circumstances. It is very easy to rejoice the positive results bu t the other is tough. The leaders must be sincere enough to shoulder the responsibility of the negative incidents. They should also be capable of setting high standards of financial ethics in their organizations. It affects the hierarchy and thus the overall ethical health of the organization is positively influenced.For example, the Healthcare Group Purchasing Industry Initiative (HGPII), an organization dedicate to promoting the highest ethical standards and practices for the healthcare group purchasing industry, announced steps that will allow for even more transparency. They are activating a formal process to ensure prompt and fair resolution of supplier complaints regarding a group purchasing organizations (GPO) purchasing process and they are implementing an Independent informatory Council to have outside observers make sure they are doing everything possible in terms of ethical standard (Freeman, 2010).Finally it can be concluded that planning, control, organizing and dire cting, and decision making constitute the financial management. There are generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that recommend the best practices to avoid unethical financial reporting. Moreover, there are several examples of ethical conduct for financial aspects. As healthcare organizations are financially very much pressurized and involve a very risky real time business model, they need to be more sincere in financial management.

An Analysis of the Observed Heterozygosity of Lake Trout

An analysis of the observed heterozygosity of Lake Trout communitys from ternion lakes irritate, Eagle, and Loughborough, inferred from microsatellite transmitted constitutions. Abstract This study was undertaken in order to compare the heterozygosity of three Lake Trout creations at various loci. Samples of twenty-five Lake Trout were collected from three lakes Devil, Eagle and Loughborough, all three of which are situated north of Kingston, Ontario. An autoradiograph was used to analyze the genotypes of the individuals at sixsome different loci of microsatellites, which are repeat sequences in the DNA that are neutral and do not code for proteins.This data was used to compare the inherited diverseness of the three different trout populations. Numerical values for observed heterozygosity (Ho) were then generated using the data and the Doh heterozygosity calculator. The results have indicated that the think up heterozygosity in respect of Devil Lake trout was importantly greater than that of the trout in Eagle Lake (p=2. 89E-7) as well as that of Loughborough Lake (p=1. 44E-19). Further more than, the mean heterozygosity for Eagle Lake trout was significantly greater than that of Loughborough Lake (p=2. 2E-6). This may be due to the fact that essential selection acts as a force to face inbreeding to eliminate harmful genes causing low heterozygosity in a population. In addition, human and natural personal effects occurring in the lakes, for example, fishing and water temperature may cause differences in heterozygosity. Understanding and using these findings may help with sustaining fish populations. Introduction Heterozygosity is the measure of the genetic transmutation in a population at a particular gene locus.Genetic variation indoors a population is important in maintaining or change magnitude the fittingness of members in the population and ultimately the survival of the species. Fitness describes the capability of an individual species o f a certain genotype to reproduce, and is usually equal to the proportion of the individuals genes in all the genes of the next generation. A positive correlation was found between the heterozygosity at the loci and the fitness (survival and maturation) of the fish, suggesting that heterozygosity is advantageous (Pujolar et al. 005). A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype. An individuals fitness is manifested through its phenotype, and the phenotype may be affected by some(prenominal) genes and environmental characteristics. One such characteristic that was observed to possibly have an effect on levels of heterozygosity in a population was the area in which the population lives. In an experiment conducted by Rowe et al. 1999) the heterozygosity of various populations of Natterjack Toads (Bufo calamita) found in several areas were compared, ultim ately discovering a dismantle heterozygosity in a population that is disjointed from opposites. Volckaert and Zouros (1989) conducted a study to measure genetic diversity levels in scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) and discovered levels of heterozygosity to be highest as age increased. Ferguson (1990) found similar information that affects diversity among rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and cogitate that heterozygosity levels were proven to have a direct relationship between the sex, size and age of the fish.There are many factors that may affect the genetic diversity of a population. In particular, various events and environmental characteristics may affect the genetic diversity of Lake Trout. One factor may include fishing. This activity may cause the population of the fish to decrease at an unstable rate, thus this study will be undertaken to determine the many factors that may contri exclusivelye influences to the genetic diversity of Lake Trout in three lakes Devil, E agle and Loughborough Lake.Using six microsatellite loci from 25 Lake Trout from all three lakes, observed heterozygosity values that act as an indicator for genetic diversity, will be obtained and analyzed. This data can be further used by analyzing and providing additional information about the influences of certain characteristics on population genetics. Results Figure 1 illustrates that the lake with the greatest observed heterozygosity is Devil Lake. It was determined that the observed heterozygosity of Devil Lake is significantly greater than the observed heterozygosity of Loughborough Lake (p=1. 4E-19). The sample size for all 3 lakes was 25 Lake Trout. Figure 1. The graph illustrates the mean observed heterozygosity of the three lakes. The error bars represent standard deviation. Discussion The conducted experiment involving heterozygosity of Lake Trout from Devil, Eagle and Loughborough Lake shows that there are significant differences between the three lakes. Devil Lake ha d the highest mean heterozygosity within its population, Eagle Lake heterozygosity was found to be in the middle and Loughborough Lake with the lowest.It was determined that the observed heterozygosity of Devil Lake was significantly greater than the observed heterozygosity of Loughborough Lake (p=1. 44E-19). The difference in the data sets outcomes may be explained by a number of factors, such as natural selection, fishing and restocking the lake, and lake temperatures. All these factors may cause diversity in heterozygosity. The goal of an organism is to reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation allowing the species to survive.The passing on of genetic material can be achieved through inbreeding or outbreeding. Inbreeding is the breeding amongst family or self outbreeding is the breeding with members of the same species that are not closely related. It may be believed that inbreeding is not good for a population with such opinions being based on having seen the resu lt of inbreeding in valet de chambre. Inbreeding as well as outbreeding, however, has both advantages and disadvantages. One advantage of inbreeding is its ability to dispirit the expression of recessive alleles (Ellstrand and Elam 1993).In a population with a damaging recessive allele, an individual may not seek to mate with anyone who potentially carries or expresses that allele. In this example the population might inbreed to decrease the heterozygosity in an attempt to remove the harmful gene. Mating within the family- when it is apparent that the family does not carry the detrimental allele, is more ideal in an evolutional prospective than putting the survival of that population at risk.In regards to Ellstrand and Elams study, this situation could occur in the Lake Trout from Loughborough causing the Lake Trout to have a lower mean heterozygosity. This Lake Trout population could be purging undesired alleles from its gene pool. One can conclude that not only does genetics hav e an effect on heterozygosity, but humans do as well. Another factor that may cause a loss of genetic diversity is fishing pressures. Smith et al (1990) suggested that fishing activities which concentrate on spawning populations differentially remove the older and more heterozygous individuals from the virgin stock.Previously stated, levels of heterozygosity are higher as age increases (Volckaert and Zouros 1989). Due to fishing, the descend of Lake Trout may decrease and there would be less fish. To fix the amounts of fish in the lakes, humans restock the lakes with hatchery fish (fish that are grown by humans and released into the wild). Evans et al. (1991) found that the human harvested fish tend to have lower genetic variation and actually decrease the fitness and survival of the native species. Loughborough Lake has the biggest population but the lowest heterozygosity.Compared to Eagle Lake and Devil Lake, most people from the Loughborough Lake area receive their income from f ishing (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1970). Excessive fishing depletes the amount of fish and creates the perceived deprivation to continually restock the lake with fish. The practice of restocking the lake with hatchery fish may result in the large population of Lake Trout which would in turn decrease the heterozygosity of Loughborough Lake. There are other factors that may contribute to increase levels of heterozygosity in fish.One such characteristic that may increase levels of heterozygosity in fish is fluctuations in water temperature. Zimmerman and capital of Virginia (1981) found that extremely variable thermal regions demand for greater fitness. The fittest of fish are more heterozygous because they are able to survive in different temperatures. In Zimmerman and Richmonds experiment, the greatest temperature fluctuation was 7C, with the highest heterozygosity level of 49%. This trend may prove that the greater the temperature fluctuation, the greater the heterozyg osity of a population living within the waters.The temperature fluctuations of the three lakes are Devil Lake at 31F, Eagle Lake at 21F, and Loughborough Lake at 7F (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1970). These numbers correlate with the data by showing that Devil Lake with the highest temperature fluctuation has the greatest heterozygosity, whereas Loughborough Lake with the lowest temperature fluctuation has the lowest heterozygosity. The mean heterozygosity of Lake Trout from Devil Lake was significantly greater than that of trout from Eagle Lake, which was greater than that of Loughborough Lake.Potential reasons for genetic diversity may be caused by natural selection acting as a force to cause inbreeding to eliminate harmful genes, fishing in the lakes which then require the lakes to be restocked with hatchery fish, and thermal fluctuations that cause differences in heterozygosity. Further research and experiments specifically looking in depth at effects that causes genet ic diversity should provide greater insight into why the heterozygosity in populations varies. Literature Cited Ellstrand N. , Elam R. 1993.Population genetic consequences of small population size implications of plant conservation. Annual Review of bionomical Systems. 24 217-242. Evans D. , Casselman J. , Wilcox C. 1991. Effects of Exploitation, deviation of Nursery Habitat, and Stocking on the Dynamics and Productivity of Lake Trout Populations in Ontario Lakes. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 193 1-3 Ferguson M. 1990. Enzyme Heterozygosity and growth in Rainbow Trout Genetic and Physiological Explanations. The Genetical ball club of Great Britain. 8 115-122. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1970. Map of Eagle Lake. Map of Loughborough Lake. Map of Devil Lake. Queens University Map and Air Photo Library. 613. Pujolar J. , Maes G. , Vancoillie C. , Volckaert F. 2005. Growth tread Correlates to Individual Heterozygosity in the European Eel, Anguilla Anguilla L. Evol ution. 59 189-199. Rowe G. , Beebee T. , Burke T. 1999. Microsatellite heterozygosity, fitness and demography in natterjack toads Bufo calamita. Animal Conservation. 2 85-92. Smith P. Francis R. , McVeagh M. 1991. Loss of Genetic Diversity due to Fishing Pressure. Fisheries Research. 10 309-316. Volckaert F. , Zouros E. 1989. Allozyme and physiological variation in the scallop Placopecten magellanicus and a general model for the effects of heterozygosity on fitness in marine molluscs. Marine Biology. 103 51-61 Zimmerman G. , Richmond M. 1981. Increased Heterozygosity at the Mdh-B Locus in Fish Inhabiting a Rapidly Fluctuating Thermal Environment. American Fisheries Society. cx 410-416

Enlightenment/Romanticism Essay

The age of man is rife with varying motivations and personal reasoning. Over millions of years, life shifted from mere survival, with our minds drawn to food and shelter, into measure of political intrigue and welfargon reform. Buried in the layers, the Age of Enlightenment and the (difficult to define) Age of Romanticism are found. Within these two periods are nigh of our narrations most profound shifts in thinking.The Age of Enlightenment brought scientific reasoning to the forefront of everything. Life was distinct, understandable and predictable. Man contemplated his purpose empirically, studied methodically to come to a true conclusion.According to Anne Branham, the enlightenment allowed our founding fathers to question mans natural rights in the world of the lifetime. She uses Benjamin Franklin as the partial figure of true enlightenment. The one man who had his hands into all things scientific and technological fought actively for the earthly rather than heavenly rewards (55). Our most important living document, the American Constitution, finds its epicenter in the freedom to choose our own representation after careful contemplation and consensus-driven selection (59).Paintings reflected life as a animal(prenominal) entity. Portraits of people became the chosen artwork of the day, a marking of life in that moment. American History portraits painted by John Trumbull show the events in a concise manner, the emotions of the people stern and musing. Other artists, to include Anton Van Maron and Antonio Visentini, of this period (late Enlightenment) follow this same theme of capture rather than sensitize (GroveArt Online).Writers such as Locke, Paine, and Smith questioned preconceived beliefs, broke them down in their parts, studied them empirically, then transformed them into new ideals and theories changing the way things were done for centuries. Their articulations of thought changed the way barter and politics were conducted, a system we still hold to today. Burnham suggested when we take a good look at these writers (Locke in particular) we can see the seed of rendering that inspired Thomas Jefferson (58).The line between the Enlightenment and Romanticism appears quite blurred. It is not as though humankind stopped short all of a sudden and agreed to change their thinking. What is evident, however, is that change took place. Today, we are no longer as ideal in questioning what is right for man.This period began as a revolt of sorts against the aristocracy and their accepted norms. People began to concern themselves with emotions and the feelings of things. Psychologists such as Freud and Jung came into play. Not only what is wrong with you, but also why, and how does it feel to have that puzzle?Peckham questions the validity of an actual movement in that the need and subsequent fight for revolution does not in fact mean an actual change in thought amongst the worlds people. Was there in fact a change in mind away from the scientific and toward the ideal and the emotional (6).In terms of g everywherenment, America found itself growing out of control. States began to fight over the issue of slavery and valuing one mans right to property over another mans right to dignity and the pursuit of happiness as it were. Civil War breaks out, the basis set against the colder ideas of the Enlightenment. These ideas one can conceivably see as justifying slavery if numbers add up.Authorship offered a new selection during this era, the novel. Mary Shelley writes about the timeless battle of man versus spirit with her creation of Frankenstein. Mans emotional struggles in life marked the center of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Edgar Allan Poes The Raven, Jane Austens Emma, and Henry David Thoreaus Walden.Peckham, writing in the time of Picasso, states Picasso has in his painting expressed profoundly the results of the freedom that romanticism has given to the creative imagination, but he is detested by most people who have seen his cubist or post-cubist painting as well as by a great many who has not. He is at home in the universe, but not in his purchase order (21). This simple statement takes us back to a time when the questioning of fundamental things, uniform shapes and colors, was not appreciated. One forgets Picasso died in 1973 only 33 years ago.Although these two distinct ages followed each other in general timeframe, there are some obvious similarities. In some ways, the transcendentalists, modernists and post-modernists, have all maintained the basic trend in life, which is to ask questions and present the answers in a way that society will gain from them as well. The questioning being the most serious of crimes against the calm nature of a society, with the actual answer following a tightlipped second.The difference lies in the questions asked, the answer given and the format preferred. For each successive generation, the questions drive a little deeper, the co ntext of the situations a little more complicated. The answers are increasing more personal, much to the chagrin today of the older citizens. Art today is far racier and stressing in it nature. Artists have the freedom to push the observer to his or her max. Life seems to be struggling toward a certain height where all questions are ok, all answers accepted.Works CitedBranham, Anne K. Teaching the Enlightenment in American literary works Shedding Light on Faith and Reason. The English Journal 87.3 (1998) 54-59.GroveArt Online. (18 Oct 2006). Peckham, Morse. Toward a Theory of Romanticism. PMLA 66.1 (1951) 5-23.

In Every Cloud there is a Silver Lining

There I was weeping tirelessly for hours on end, almost creating a miniature pond on the ground. My months of preparations had gone to waste. All my plans and decisions I had hoped to shrink ruined. I had planned out my great voyage to the head chief for months. Each and every step I was to take was already decided. But check to my tradition I had to get permission from my mother before leaving. past it all happened without even listening to all I had to say I perceive NO. A word I feel no man can define and a word that should never exist in whatsoeverones dictionary.There I was foolishly weeping when my motive was to show how much better our lives would be without these traditions yet following them my self. I was to do what I believe was my destiny. I was to do what I believed god created me to do. 1000s of 1000s of years of tradition had been followed in my community. Tradition that I believed was pointless, insensitive, meaningless and inappropriate to follow. Without any ones consent again I set out to wear out and change these traditions for our betterment. I packed my bags and headed straight for Chief Souza, the man who is believed to be our god.The man with endless power at his fingertips, what he said happened and he was the scarcely man who could fulfill my destiny. Getting to his home was the least of my worries. I simply had to walk for a short 2 1/2 hours down the blonde graveled road leading straight to his village and his home. I set off without any delays and a short while later I found my self and the grand gate and luxurious village of Chief Souza. My body pushing itself towards the door and with one final deep gulp of air and pushed open the doors.Then I completed I had already achieved a lot and am much closer to achieving my destiny. Without wasting any time in greetings and worthless bawl out on my health and family with the Chief I got straight down to the point. I shared a piece of my mind with the Chief non leaving any det ail or feeling behind. I never feared his immense power and now in front of him certainly I would not. Step by step telling Chief Souza exactly what my motive is and the reason behind my decision to fight against my tradition.Finally completing my argument against our tradition I looked nub to eye with the Chief. He stared at me as if I had gone crazy and just then I realized what a mess I had got myself into. I realized what a dim-witted person I was to barge into the most superior mans house in the entire community and blast him rough how shallow our tradition is. But then again I believed it was my destiny and this is the backbone in my life. This is why I lived. Then something struck me, something hard and heavy and within seconds I dropped to the ground akin a stick.Upon awakening I found a rope around my neck and a sack over my head. Despite not being able to see anything I knew the Chief had found my words as an insult to his community and ordered for me to be hung. It hur t really in earnest as I never even had the chance to question my community on what they found pervert with my words. What was wrong if I had my own opinion about the community and our tradition? It was too late I felt the plank beneath my feet, currently keeping me up, being pulled till I had nothing to repose on.My life had come to an end but my soul would not rest until I accomplished my goal. My mother cried and cried endless for days, wondering Where had I gone wrong in education my son? Why, why, why did he not listen to me? Everyday each member of the community considers What did he say wrong? He shared his feelings something no one has the courage to do. Each member of the community started looking at life from a different eyeshot a perspective in which they can live their lives how they wanted to and not by what their tradition, our tradition, my tradition said.My community members finally realized what I was trying to project. Within a straddle of days, I gained my biggest victory our tradition was altered and every member of our community was free to live life their way Then it became clear to me, if I had not sacrificed my life for the betterment of my community the changes done to our tradition now would never have happened. So even in a dark cloud like the death of a community member came, there really is a silver lining in it. Now my soul will rest in peace

Ethan Frome Dialectic Journal Essay

The colonization lay below two feet of snow in a sky of iron the points of the Dipper hung equal icicles and Orion flashed his refrigerant firesthe white ho wasting disease-fronts between elms looked fair-haired(a) over against the snow, chunks of bushes made black stains on it (Wharton, 26). The very beginning or initial description of the setting of the write up already gives it a feeling of closing off. Especially with it organism presumably in the winter as the crossroads is buried beneath snow and allthing nonwithstanding faces and appears so cold and l wizly. It reminds me of those movies or stories in which the ball has end and there are no people left, although there are people clam up inhabiting this village it unsounded feels so isolated. (77 words) He did not even know whether any one else in the world mat up as he did, or whether he was the sole victim of this mournful privilege (Wharton, 33). It is interesting how shortly the reader is able to discover how unhappy Frome is in this story and how lonely he feels. The theme of isolation definitely makes itself viable to the reader early on in the story, whereas in many stories the theme whitethorn not be entirely known until closer to the end of the story. I also in reality like the federal agency Wharton words the way he feels that if he was the sole victim of this mournful privilege.It al close to makes his event seem welcoming as comfortably as distasteful. (92 words) They stood together in the gloom of the spruces, an aban fag world glimmering about them wide and grey under the stars(Wharton, 44) It catches my, as well as other readers attention, when authors use such descriptive words. As Wharton uses words such as gloom, empty world glimmering, grey under the stars, it brings sort of a contradiction of images in which the bad outweigh the good. The grey overwhelms the true brightness of stars, and the empty world doesnt glimmer so much with the negative words accompanyin g them. (66 words) Sometimes their way led them under the shade of an overhanging bank or through the thin obscurity of a clump of leafless trees. Here and there a farm endure stood far stern among the fields, mute and cold as a grave-stone. The night was so still that they comprehend the frozen snow crackle under their feet (Wharton, 49).I hold dear the amount of imagery Wharton includes in her writing and what it also represents along with describing the settings and pictures of the current situations. Especially with how she uses thecold and soft as extremely moving factors of imagery as well as motifs for the theme. In this particular reiterate she also describes the farmhouses as being mute and cold as a grave-stone I individualally discern how it defines the setting as well as the theme. (79 words) He had been afraid that she would hate the hard life, the cold and solitariness further not a sign of discontent escaped her. Zeena took the view that Mattie was bound to make the go around of Starkfield since she hadnt any other place to go only when this did not strike Ethan as conclusive. Zeena, at any rate, did not apply the principle in her own case (Wharton, 58) Cold and loneliness seem to be frequently recurring topics in this story and especially used together in well-nigh scenarios. However, cold and isolation typically find each other appealing and flow so well together it makes sense. Along with that is the views of many deciding why Mattie remained in Starkfield they all make their own assumptions but of course the whole one that truly knows is Mattie herself. This is an everyday sort of thing we see. (77 words)It was formed of Zeenas unregenerate silence, of Matties sudden look of warning, of the memory of just fleeting imperceptible signs as those which told him, on real stainless mornings, that onwards night there would be rainHis dread was so strong that, man-like, he sought to postpone certainty (Wharton, 60). It whitethorn be ironic that I am relating this to school, but when I read this quote thats what I think of when someone is cheating on a psychometric test and your friend who is helping you sends you that warning look as the teacher sits quietly but you are certain(a) that they know. You try to plan how you bequeathing prevent getting caught or if you do get caught what you will asseverate to find your way out of the inevitability of it. Just as Frome is doing in this situation as he sought to postpone certainty. (97 words) There the silence had deepened about him year by year. Left alone, after his male parents accident, to carry the burden of farm and mill, he had had no time for convivial loiterings in the village and when his mother fell ill the loneliness of the house grew more oppressive than that of the fields (Wharton, 69).This is an extremely ruling quote as it highlights the be causes for Fromes isolation and loneliness. It had been instilled in him due to his fathers passing in an accident and his mothers smutty disease. It shows that everywhere he went he was haunted by their ghosts and I especially like how Wharton explains that the loneliness of the house grew more oppressivethan that of the fields, it makes you feel as if you are there mourning with him. (81 words) After the funeral, when he power saw her preparing to go away, he was seized with an unreasoning dread of being left alone on the farm and before he knew what he was doing he had asked her to stay there with him (Wharton, 70). It was out of desperation and fear of loneliness and the cold weather that Frome asked Zeena to stay with him, which later led to their marriage. Although it reminds me of when I am going somewhere and I dont want to be alone I will confide in even just someone I know if my friends are unable to be with me just so I will have someone there with me, although I may not favor their company. (78 words)She pronounced the word conjoin as if her voice caressed it. It seem ed a rustling covert leading to enchanted glades. A pang picnic through Ethan, and he said, twisting away from her in his chair Itll be your turn next, I wouldnt wonder (Wharton, 93). mend Mattie is open and realizing that marriage to someone other than Ethan is entirely possible it yet again strikes Ethan into realizing how lonely he could be still if Mattie were to find someone else to marry and leave although he is still married to Zeena. This just kind of goes to show that although you may have something, it doesnt always mean you will be content with what you have. (72 words) She turned and looked at him a moment. Good night, Ethan, she answered, and went up. When the door of her room had closed on her he remembered that he had not even touched her hand (Wharton, 97). Ethans lonesomeness shows through how he wishes to capitalize on even the smallest gestures when with Mattie. perhaps Mattie does not share the same emotions that Ethan does and while he may see that touching h er hand is a sincere gesture shared between them, and he craves for it, she does not feel this way and it is just merely a gesture to her. (64 words)On the way over to the wood-lot one of the greys slipped on a glare of ice and cut his knee Then when the loading finally began, a sleety rain was coming down once more, and the tree trunks were so slippery that it took doubly as long as usual to lift them and them in place on the sledge (Wharton, 100). Ethan is human. Everything that could go wrong that day for him does. I understand his struggle immensely because I, as well as most other humans have had days where nothing goes right and it makes you feel flustered and almost hopeless. zipper works out the way it should for Ethan and although it doesnt he keeps trying to accomplish it. (61 words)To Ethan there was something vaguely ill in this stolid rejection of free food and warmth, and he wondered what had happened on the drive to nerve Jotham to such stoicism. Perhaps Zeena had failed to see the new doctor or had not liked his counsels Ethan knew that in such cases the first person she met was likely to be held responsible for her grievence (Wharton, 105). Thinking that Zeena had not enjoyed her trip to the doctor or had been disappointed with the results she had received, she may have steern out her displeasure on the first person she encountered which was probably Jotham.Therefore he probably mat awkward about coming to dinner with all of them as would have most people, including myself, about coming to dinner after hearing the hosts disappointment. (67 words) Im a great people caster than you think. Her words fell on his ear with a strange shock of wonder. He had often heard her pronounce them before what if at last they were true? He advanced a step or two into the dim room. I hope thats not so, Zeena, he said (Wharton, 108). In expressing how sick she may truly be, Ethan acts as if he is very sorry and hopes she is not sick, but there is that und erlying possibility that is known to the reader that he wishes she may be sick so that he back pursue his envisioned life with Mattie. While he may not entirely hope that Zeena succumbs to her illness he might not wish that she get better. (71 words) He saw his blunder before she could take it up she wanted sympathy, consolation. I didnt need to have anybody tell me I was losing ground every day. Everybody but you could see it (Wharton, 109).Zeena searches for sympathy while Ethan who does not fully pay attention to her even as other people do does not give her the full sympathy she wishes. All she wants is for someone to care, as any person would. She probably feels even more hurt that her very own husband does not pay much attention to her as other people do. (62 words) mixed-up motions of rebellion stormed in him. He was too young, too strong, too full of the sap of living, to submit so easily to the destruction of his hopes. moldiness he wear out all his years at the position of a bitter fretful woman? (Wharton, 130). Ethan is tired of dealing with Zeena and is realizing how he can go without her being his age and having interests in Mattie. identical people reach it sometimes, Ethan is reaching his breaking point with Zeena and is okay with the fact that he could be without her because he has already practically moved onto the other life which he wishes he could have. (65words) He went up to Mattie as she bent above the stove, and laid his hand on her arm. I dont want you should trouble either, he said, looking down into her eyes with a smile.She flushed up warmly and whispered back No, Ethan, I aint going to trouble (Wharton, 137). Ethan cares and shows sympathy toward Mattie as Zeena threatens to kick her out and no longer use her as a servant. He shows more sympathy than he ever really showed Zeena. This just goes to show how if people really care they will show it and help one another. While if they dont really care, they will just put on a fron t and only act as if they do, if that. (72 words). It was a shy secret spot, full of the same dumb melancholy that Ethan felt in his stock ticker (Wharton, 152). The shy secret spot is not only symbolic of what Ethan feels in his heart but also kind of how Ethan is as a person as well. I also like the way Wharton compares it to the same dumb melancholy in his heart.Its like when you feel sad but you dont know why, or you dont want to, yet you still do. (63 words) Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him. He was too young, too strong, too full of the sap of living, to submit so easily to the destruction of his hopes. Must he wear out all his years at the side of a bitter querulous woman? (Wharton, 130). Ethan is tired of dealing with Zeena and is realizing how he can go without her being his age and having interests in Mattie. Like people reach it sometimes, Ethan is reaching his breaking point with Zeena and is okay with the fact that he could be without her because he has alre ady practically moved onto the other life which he wishes he could have. (65 words)

Flow of Gold and Silver Dbq

Chantelle DuncanMr. Richman AP world 1/22/12 DBQ on Flow of silver in mid-16th to eighteenth light speed The increasing flow of silver during the mid-16th to early 18th century had a very large impact on the economic and social parts of umteen countries through effect on land, trade, and value of silver. The huge inflow of silver brought many economic problems in both Spain and China. Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, a Spanish priest appears indignant at the huge amount of silver world taken and stolen from the mines in the west indies some paying no 20 % tax and/or register fee and shipping silver out to the Philippines and chinaware. doc 6) As shown in document 2, a Spanish scholar, named Tomas de Mercado, tells of the problems that the sudden influx of silver is causing Spain. The streets of Manila in the Spanish territory of the Philippines could be surface with granite cobblestones brought from China in Chinese ships coming to get silver for China De Mercado is showing anger in the amount of Asian ships coming to receive silver, the large amount of which is undoing the Spanish sparing.Wang Xijue, a Ming dynasty judicature official reports to the emperor (document 3) that Chinese economy is declining, with cheap grain despite poor harvest overdue to the scarcity of the silver coin The government . The large amount of silver coming in created problems socially as well. Xu Dunqiu Ming, a writer, tells in an essay that seems directed at the general public, of the unfairness of dye shops in the commercial city of Hangzhou. Dye shops must now be paid with sliver from a moneylender, sort of of livestock or crops.Borrowing from a money lender instead of trading animals or food is plunging chinas poorer class of people even further into debt, as well as changing the economy type of the Chinese people. (doc 5) Socially, other problems occurred as well. Greed became serious, as shown in doc 1, where Ye Chunji, a county official, says the thrifty man with onl y one bar of silver currency can have something left over, whereas the uppity man with a thousand can still not have enough on the return of limiting wedding expenses. Wang Xijue in Doc 3. ells of how due to the government requiring silver though dispensing little, farmers are receiving less(prenominal) returns and thus less land is being cultivated. British merchant Ralph Fitch tells of his trip to the West Indies, sex act of how the Portuguese use Chinese goods bought in china to trade for obscene amounts of silver in japan, which they go back to china and use to bring home luxury goods to the west indies. (doc 4) In conclusion, the huge influx of silver posed both a social and economic problem in mid-16th to 18th century in Asia and parts of Europe.

Explain the Concepts of Equality, Diversity and Rights in Relation to Health and Social Care

BTEC Extended Diploma wellness and complaisant C be Unit 2 Equality, diversity and rights in wellness and hearty attending. P1, P2, P3, M1- Concepts and discriminatory and anti-discriminatory pulls. 6th November 2012 By Grace Kirby. Contents Page Page 3 5 Part 1(P1) Explains concepts of equateity, diversity and rights in intercourse to wellness and loving treat. Page 5 8 Part 2(P2) Describes discriminatory practices in wellness and amicable care. Page 9 Part 3(P3) Describes the potential effects of discriminatory practice mountain digest on staff and individuals victimisation health and amicable care.Page Part 4(M1) Assess the effects on those using the serve well of three variant discriminatory practices in health and brotherly care denouncetings. Part1 (P1) Explains concepts of equality, diversity and rights in copulation to health and cordial care. In this report go away evaluate how Equality, diversity and rights incorporate into the health and/or fr iendly care sector and how it is benefited by each members of staff, service users or patients in each health and/or hearty care settings.Equality is existence equal to everyone else, especially in rights, status or opportunities. in that note are truths in place to ensure that every individual is treated every bit this includes geological formations having equality policies to honour the concept. Diversity is accepting and respecting un likenesss between yourself and excessively otherwise individuals around you. This means that everyone is recognised as be several(predicate) which is valued and respected. Rights are legal entitlements.For example, an individual has a right to live in orderliness without universe poke fund or intimidated because of their race, beliefs, gender, sexuality or disabilities. Working in the health and social care sector, equality, diversity and rights are at the core of everything you will be doing. These terms embrace all individuals us ing the health and care sectors and every person working(a) within them. It is essential that hoi polloi working within health and social care recognise the need to treat every individual evenly o matter what their gender, race, beliefs, sexuality, age, constipation, ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, language, background or skin colour. In Britain it has truly broaden its multi hea and so union with a huge variety of different types of floricultures and backgrounds who live and work all over the country. In total, 6. 5 per cent of the British population consists of ethnic minorities. The British population is make up of the adjacent ethnic crowds * White 53,074,000 (includes Irish, Polish, Italian, etc) * Black Caribbean 490,000 Black Afri fundament 376,000 * Black Other 308,000 * Indian 930,000 * Pakistani 663,000 * Chinese 137,000 * Bangladeshi 268,000 * Other Asian 209,000 (includes Vietnamese, Malaysian, Thai) * Other 424,000 (people who did not think they fitted the above categories) With Britain being so different it has a lot of benefits to being so multicultural such as the arts, diet, education, language, tolerance, social cohesion and cultural enrichment. The arts provide a valuable way of channeling diversity to a widely audience.For example, films do in other countries can demonstrate culture from around the world in a con mildewity that is easy to interpret and may intrigue as well as educated people around other cultures. Museums and exhibitions also give an collar of cultures from around the world, past and present. Plays and other theatrical performances can bring an experience of contemporary world culture. All these things can help us understand and appreciate difference. With knowledge from the arts a person working in health and social care can develop a deeper understanding of diversity. Another good reason to enjoy a multicultural society is its food. In a modern survey in Britain the Chinese dish C how Mein was voted the favourite food, with Indian food being the other main choice. In fact these two foods numbered for 70 per cent of food choices according to the market leader in consumer survey analysis Mintel. This information is very Copernican for the health and social care occupation, as individual tastes have to be taken into account when planning a persons diet. More and more people are enjoying a diet with herbs and spices.This is partly due to our multicultural society and also because more people are travelling to other countries and tasting different types of food and drink. A persons diet also needs to be tailored to their health requirements. For example, diabetics and some older people may need to exclude certain foods likewise, a persons religious belief may mean that halal meat is a requirement. Asking people somewhat their food likes and dislikes, and what they can and cannot eat, is all part of considering and respecting their diversity. Education has bee n one of the most developed over recent years with diverse cultures being explored and valued within the curriculum. Schools and colleges now include studies in a wide range of cultures and languages. The education system has also benefited from people from different backgrounds reaching management positions and making ordained changes in relation to diversity. The inclusion of equality, diversity and rights training in the health and social care profession has increased and has become an important part of the captain training programme.All organisations are required by law to train their staff in equality, diversity and rights, usually under the equal opportunities framework. Education is an important turncock in helping to get rid of ignorance about diversity. In todays society umteen people know more than one language, this can either the mother tongue or a language that is learnt through the education system or self taught. This can be beneficial for health professional, it gives chances to work abroad as well as learn something new. With the exploitation of online service, there is a wealth of information in most spoken languages. Information is also available in sign language, and the visually impaired can use specialised software, which speaks to the viewer. quite a little who can speak languages other than English are highly sought after in health and social care because umpteen of those using the services may not speak English. Interpretation is seen as a new career in the health service, so speaking another language is clearly beneficial for health and social care professionals. perimeter is a very important quality to have when working in health and social care. You may come across people you do not get on with or who have different views from, you this is life story and has to be accepted after all, we are all individuals. You have to be mature and professional and professional when working with colleagues and helping people, even though you may sometimes not feel you indirect request to be. Difference has to be accepted even more in health and social care than in other occupations. Social cohesion is where a community sticks together behind many reasons such as ethnicity. Feeling belonged somewhere is very important to human behaviour as it provides a safe and understanding environment where a root sticks together. In health and social care team members need to form this type of bond. Working in a diverse team requires each member to value and respect all others in the team. Without this bond a team works ineffectively and will eventually bloodline apart, causing major problems for the people using the service.Cultural enrichment is all the social and cultural benefits described above will bring about cultural enrichment through diversity, which will improve life for everyone, both those who work in health and social care and those who use the services provided. Active Promotion of equality and individual righ ts wellness and social care professionals need to actively promote equality and the rights of individuals, whether they are working in or using these services. The word Active emphasises the need to ensure that action is taken on these issues.There are many laws, policies and procedures in effect to promote equality and individual rights such as the care value base of operations (CVB). There are seven principles which promote rights for every individual who uses a service within the health and social care sectors. The care value base principles are all equally important and should in theory form the basis of all your relationships with clients and colleagues. The seven principles are 1. The promotion of anti-discriminatory practice 2. The promotion and have got of dignity, independence and safety 3.Respect for, and acknowledgement of, personal beliefs and an individuals identity 4. The maintenance of confidentiality 5. Protection from abuse and harm 6. The promotion of effective c ommunication and relationships 7. The provision of personalised individual care. In health and social care there are various ways to actively promote equality and individuals rights such as the fol small(a)ing * Promoting the rights, choices and well-being of individuals * Anti discriminatory practice em functioning individuals * Dealing with tensions and contradictions Staff development and training * Practical implications of confidentiality, e. g. recording, reporting, storing and sharing of information Part 2(P2) Describes discriminatory practices in health and social care. In health and social care discrepancy occurs more often than expected this can vary from your colleagues not bad(p) against you or the service users also the service users discriminating against you. Discrimination can happen in many forms, people are tell apartd against for many things as well.People are mostly discriminated against for the fol griming * glossiness * Disability * climb on * Social clas s * Gender * Sexuality * wellness status * Family * Status * Cognitive ability Culture A persons culture is important to them and identifies who they are in the world. It is developed within the social group they are raised in, and can change when they are mature enough to decide for themselves what culture trump out suits them. In the health and social care profession, respecting a persons culture is important for all concerned.It is important for the individual because it creates a sense of support and understanding, promotes their well-being and can help their health. It is also important to health and social care professionals because they see the benefits of their care value base and this underlines the importance of respecting an individuals culture. Disabilities In health and social care, you will work with and support people with various disabilities. The disability Discrimination Act (DDA) makes it unlawful to discriminate against soulfulness who has a disability.The act covers employment, access to goods, facilities and services of organisations, education, purchasing and renting a property and transport services. There has to be full accessibility for anyone with a disability. The organisation you work for will be required by law to have a policy in place regarding disability. Age Age discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of their age, without justification, or is harassed or victimised because of their age.There have been some controversies regarding the dispensing of certain very expensive drugs to older people because of their shorter life expectancy, due to their age. Some people have argued that the money would be breach spent on drugs for younger people. However denying a person a drug due to their age may open the health service to considerable legal risk, and legal advice needs to be sought first before decisions like this are made. Social class Our social class is apparent from the place where we live. T he higher the class, the better the place is kept and maintained.This inequality has also infiltrated health and social care. In the forward to a discussion section of Health publication, Alan Milburn MP, former Secretary of State for Health, stated that the poor are far more potential to get cancer than the rich, and their chances of survival are lower too the letter carries to say that health care is a postcode lottery. However At the heart of human rights is the belief that everybody should be treated equally and with dignity no matter what their circumstances Source Equality and Human Rights Commissions (www. equalityhumanrights. om). Gender A person cannot be discriminated against because of their gender. Under the Gender Equality Duty 2007, all organisations, including health and social care services, cannot discriminate unfairly due to a persons gender. Equal rights of access, health care and rights must be followed. Sexuality Sexual orientation can be referred to a person is attracted to another person of the analogous sex (gay or lesbian), the opposite sex (heterosexual), or both sexes (bisexual). Discrimination against someone because of their sexuality is against the law.If someone feels discriminated against because of their sexuality or feels they are being discriminated against they can seek legal help. Health status sometimes difficult decisions have to be made regarding a persons medical discourse, taking into account the cost of the treatment, their expected quality of life after the treatment, their expected quality of life after the treatment and their overall life expectancy, people making these decisions should always keep questioning their own assumptions and prejudices, and do their best to balance the welfare of individual patients with broader funding considerations. Family status Since sexuality has broadened in society with the sexuality act, people are discriminated against gay and/or lesbian parents, single parents, parents of different genders, parents of different races with mixed race children and other family groupings. Cognitive ability Discrimination on the grounds of cognitive ability may arise because of a brain injury a learning disability or difficulty, or a persons social class or education. It can be easy to discriminate against people with cognitive disabilities nevertheless care must be taken not to do so.Valuing People Now is a administration strategy which aims to improve the lives of people with learning disabilities, and those of their families and carers. Part 3(P3) describe the potential effects of discriminatory practice can have on staff and individuals using health and social care. In all aspects including health and social care discriminatory practice has very negative effects on the people being cared for. This section will explore the effects in more detail. Marginalisations (treat a person or group as insignificant)Marginalisation is when people feel as if they are not a part of the main group or society as if they dont belong anywhere. This is a potential effect of discrimination because a person is made to stand out and made to be different from everyone else and they can and so feel like they are all alone and marginalized from the rest of society or in the grammatical case of a health and social care sector, other service users. When a person is marginalized they are made to feel like they are different and not in a good way.For example a lower class citizen being admitted to a private care trust because there is no way of life elsewhere and being surrounded by all upper class service users. They may then be treated differently because of that i. e. discriminated against and they may begin to feel pushed out alone because of whom they are and where they are. This is a clear example of Marginalisation. Disempowerments (make a person or group less powerful or confident) Individuals or groups that are discriminated against by other individuals or mo re powerful groups will feel disempowered.They may be willing to fight against this and in some cases will win their case. However, many do not and they escape the will to fight against discrimination. As a result of this, they may become depressed and devalued and disempowered, which in turn may lead to more health issues. This could happen in a health and social care setting for example Low self esteem and self identity Discrimination can lead to people losing their self- worth or self esteem. Some people already have low self esteem before they begin to use the health and social care services.A person with low self esteem will experience negative self-identity, which brings a feeling of worthlessness and depression. The health and social care professional needs to ensure that an individuals self esteem is maintained at a high take or can be raised when its low, to health the person copes with the pip there in. Restricted opportunities All types of discrimination may lead to a person not using health and social care provision and this can lead to poorer health. The discrimination may be by individuals, health organisations or even the government. prejudicious behaviours such as aggression or criminality Negative behaviour, aggression or crime can be partly caused by discrimination. Living in need and experiencing discrimination. Living in poverty and experiencing discrimination can affect an individuals behaviour. People may experience hardship and then take their frustrations out on police, teachers and health and social care professionals. People may take out their anger on those they see in a position of power and health professionals can find themselves being verbally or physically attacked. People may have anger management problems and they may take this out on the health and social care professional.Drug users may also display negative behaviour while in care. Definitions Equality the state of being equal especially in status, rights and oppo rtunities. Equity the quality of being fair and impartial Diversity the state of being diverse variety Rights that which is morally correct just or honourable Opportunity a set of circumstances that make it possible to do something Difference a point or way in which people or things are not the same Overt discrimination when you do not get over the fact you are discriminating, it is not hidden Covert discrimination hidden or subtle discrimination.It is distant to overt discrimination Stereotyping view or represent as a stereotype Labelling assign to a category, especially inaccurately or restrictively Prejudice preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience Disadvantages unfavourable circumstances Belief an acceptance that a statement is genuine or that something exists Values the regard that something is held to deserve the importance or preciousness of something Vulnerability the state of being vulnerable or exposed Abused the improper use of somethingEmpowerment author ization the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant Independence freedom from the control, influence, support, aid or the like of others mutualness mutuality a repriciocal relation between interdependent entities. Racism prejudice or discrimination enjoin against some of a different race based on such a relief. Sexism prejudice, stereotyping or discrimination, typically against women on the basis of sex. Homophobia an extreme and irrational aversion to homosexuality and homosexual people. 1 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, countersign 1 BTEC field of study P. 48 2 . British Council, 2009 3 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 50 4 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 50 5 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 50 6 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 50 7 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 50 8 . Edexce l Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 2 9 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 65 10 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 65 P. 66 11 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 66 12 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 67 13 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 69 14 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 69 15 . Edexcel Health and social care level 3, Book 1 BTEC National P. 69